A TRADE LIBERALIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL DAIRY MARKETS

International dairy industries remain among the most distorted agricultural sectors. Dairy average bound tariffs remain among the highest of all agricultural commodities, and dairy trade is characterized by a large number of megatariffs and tariff-rate quotas (TRQs). The objective of our study is to examine how the international dairy markets might respond to policy changes under various assumptions, using a partial equilibrium, multiple-commodity, multiple-region model of agricultural policy and trade. Our results indicate that liberalization will reduce supplies, increase dairy trade, and raise world prices.Dairy Markets, Trade Liberalization, Model, Policy, International Relations/Trade,

4-Chloro-N′-[(Z)-4-nitro­benzyl­idene]benzohydrazide monohydrate

In the title compound, C14H10ClN3O3·H2O, the benzohydrazide group is not planar and the mol­ecule exists in a cis configuration with respect to the methyl­idene unit. The dihedral angle between the two substituted benzene rings is 38.7 (3)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network parallel to the (100) plane. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions

(E)-3-(4-Methyl­phen­yl)-1-(4-nitro­phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H13NO3, contains two independent mol­ecules related approximately by a pseudo-twofold rotation axis. The dihedral angle between the nitro­benzene and methyl­phenyl rings is 42.18 (6)° in one mol­ecule and 12.97 (6)° in the other. In both mol­ecules, the nitro group is slightly twisted away from the attached benzene ring. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are stacked along the b axis and are linked via C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions

(E)-1-(4-Bromo­phen­yl)-3-(2-chloro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The structure of the title compound, C15H10BrClO, comprises two substituted benzene rings bridged by a prop-2-en-1-one group and exists in an E configuration about the C=N double bond. The dihedral angle formed between the 4-bromo­phenyl and 2-chloro­phenyl rings is 23.77 (18)°. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions, forming a supra­molecular zigzag chain. Intramolecular C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also present

N′-[(E)-1-Phenyl­ethyl­idene]benzo­hydrazide

The title compound, C15H14N2O, crystallized with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Both mol­ecules are non-planar and have an E configuration with respect to the C=N bond. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings are 11.1 (2)° in one mol­ecule and 12.40 (19)° in the other. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions into infinite one-dimensional chains along [1 0 0]. The crystal structure is further stabilized by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, weak C—H⋯O and very weak C—H⋯π inter­actions

4-Amino-3-{1-[4-(2-methyl­prop­yl)phen­yl]eth­yl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

In the title triazole compound, C14H20N4S, the dihedral angle between the triazole and benzene rings is 83.29 (11)°. The methine H atom and two methyl groups of the isobutyl group are disordered over two sites with occupancies of 0.684 (9) and 0.316 (9). In the crystal structure, N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains running along the b axis. These chains are cross-linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane by C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds

(E)-3-(2-Chloro­phen­yl)-1-(2,4-dichloro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title chalcone derivative, C15H9Cl3O, the dihedral angle between the 2-chloro­phenyl and 2,4-dichloro­phenyl rings is 41.79 (14)°. Weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl intra­molecular inter­actions involving the enone unit generate S(5) ring motifs. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are arranged in a head-to-tail manner along the a axis. These chains are stacked along the b axis

(E)-3-(2-Chloro­phen­yl)-1-(4-nitro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title compound, C15H10ClNO3, a substituted chalcone, the 2-chloro­phenyl and 4-nitro­phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 26.48 (6)°. The nitro group makes a dihedral angle of 11.64 (7)° with the plane of the benzene ring to which it is bound. Weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions involving the enone groups generate S(5) ring motifs, which help to stabilize the planarity of the 3-(2-chloro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one segment of the mol­ecule. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol­ecules are stacked in a head-to-tail fashion into columns along the a axis by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6955 (8) Å]. Neighbouring columns are linked by weak C—H⋯O inter­actions

(E)-1-(3-Bromo­phen­yl)-3-(4-ethoxy­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C17H15BrO2, adopts an E configuration. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 10.09 (11)°. The enone plane makes dihedral angles of 12.05 (11) and 9.87 (11)°, respectively, with the bromo­phenyl and ethoxy­phenyl rings. The eth­oxy group is nearly coplanar with the attached benzene ring. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a zigzag ribbon-like structure along the b-axis direction

(E)-3-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-1-(2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the title chalcone derivative, C15H8Cl3FO, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 43.35 (8)°. Weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl intra­molecular inter­actions involving the enone group generate S(5) and S(6) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into anti­parallel chains along the a axis. These chains are stacked along the b axis and short Cl⋯F contacts of 3.100 (1) Å link adjacent mol­ecules of the anti­parallel chains into dimers