Mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activity of protein of Solanum villosum leaves

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mosquitoes are associated with the transmission of malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis and other viral diseases throughout the globe, apart from being a nuisance pest. Biological control alone or as a part of integrated vector management stands to be a better alternative to the chemical controls aimed against pest mosquitoes. At the same time it is necessary to control bacteria by synthetic or natural means (plant products). Hence the present study was designed to screen the effect of mosquito larvicidal and antimicrobial activitiy of protein isolated from matured leaves of <it>Solanum villosum </it>against mosquito immatures and some pathogenic bacteria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Aqueous solvent extract of fresh mature leaves of <it>S. villosum </it>was tested against 3rd instar larvae of <it>Anopheles stephensi</it>, <it>Culex quinquefasciatus </it>and <it>Stegomyia aegypti </it>mosquitoes and against four pathogenic bacteria. The protein fraction was isolated and tested for mosquitocidal and antibacterial activities. Amino acid analysis was performed on isolated protein using PICO.TAG amino acid system. SDS-PAGE was also done to detect the bands of amino acid on the basis of their molecular weights.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Proteins isolated from mature leaves of <it>S. villosum </it>were found to have larvicidal and antimicrobial properties. Analysis of the isolated protein identified fifteen amino acids of which eight were essential amino acids. SDS-PAGE detected seven bands corresponding to different molecular weights in the range of 69–109 KDa.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Proteins of mature leaves of <it>S. villosum </it>exhibited moderate larvicidal and antimicrobial activities. The study provides considerable scope in exploiting local indigenous resources for isolation of antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal proteins.</p

Amino acids through developmental stages of sunflower leaves

The PICO-TAGanalysis of proteins revealed that 17 protein-bound and 18 free amino acids were present throughout the developmental stages of sunflower leaves. The total protein-bound amino acid content was much higher than total free amino acid content throughout the development of sunflower leaves. The contents of protein-bound and free amino acids as well as essential and non-essential ones displayed different patterns with leaf maturation, suggesting that total protein levels are poor predictors of the nutritive status of leaves

Evaluation of single electron transfer reduction products of 3-oxoindoles as antibacterial agents

Objective: The objective of the present study is to assess the antibacterial properties of six indole derivatives viz, 3-(Naphth-1-y - methyl) –indole (II), 3-(1-Naphthylcarbonyl – indole (III), 3,3\u27 –diformyl-2,2\u27 –bis indole (IV), 1,4- (3,3\u27 –di indolyl) – 1,4-dioxobutane (V), 3-benzoyl indole (VI) and 1,1 – bis – (3-indolyl)- ethane (VII) synthesized by single electron transfer reduction of 3-formylindole (I) against two Gram +ve and two Gram –ve bacteria which usually cause human infections. Methods: Synthesis of 3-formyl indole from which the indole derivatives were prepared were further characterized by IR and NMR analysis. The six synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity by agar diffusion method and the activities were further confirmed by determining their MIC values by microdilution technique. Results: All of the compounds more or less showed activity against different bacterial species except compound IV which showed activity only against B. subtilis. Compound II exhibited the most potent activity with lower MIC values against two Gram –ve and one Gram +ve bacteria of which the Gram –ve ones are known to be responsible for nosocomial and community acquired infections. Conclusion: Compound II being the most potent active compound may serve as leads for further optimization most likely to contribute as a broad spectrum antibiotic

Efficacy of Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae) leaf extract on larval immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the role of leaf extract of Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae) as a biocontrol agent against the larval form of Culex quinquefasciatus, and characterization of bioactive component responsible for larvicidal activity.MethodsLarval mortality of mosquito species was observed after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to different concentrations of aqueous extract, solvent extract and subsequently bioactive compound. The bioactive compound was subjected to IR and GC-MS analysis.ResultsMortality rate at 3% concentration of crude extract were highest (90%) amongst all concentrations tested and subsequently highest (95%) mortality was achieved in chloroform: methanol extract at 100 ppm concentrations. IR and GC-MS analysis of bioactive compound revealed the presence of steroid compound which may act as larvicide.ConclusionsThe chloroform: methanol extract of mature leaves of Limonia acidissima was found to exhibit considerable mosquito larvicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus

Asimafoetidnol: A New Sesquiterpenoid Coumarin From the Gum Resin of Ferula Assa-Foetida

Chemical investigation of the gum resin of Ferula assa-foetida L. resulted in the isolation of a new sesquiterpenoid coumarin, 7-(((E)-5-((1S,3S,6S)-3,6- dihydroxy-2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl)oxy) -2H-chromen-2-one (asimafoetidnol), together with several other known compounds. The structure of asimafoetidnol was established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Geometry optimization of the compound has been carried out using a DFT/B3LYP/3-21G* method

CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF NEEM LEAF GLYCOPROTEIN USED AS IMMUNOPROPHYLACTIC AGENT FOR TUMOR GROWTH RESTRICTION

Objective: Unique immune modulatory function of an aqueous preparation of neem leaf (NLP) in relation to cancer has already been reported. The objective of this present study is to find out the active component present in NLP.Methods: NLP was exposed to a gradient of temperature, pH and enzymes to use for mice immunization before tumor inoculation. Glycoprotein extracted from NLP was purified and analyzed by using Folin's phenol reagent, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, scanning electron microscopy and amino acid analysis. Carbohydrate moiety of this protein was analysed by GLC-MS. Immunogenicity was checked by ELISA and immunoblotting.Results: Exposure of NLP to adverse temperature and pH causes significant reduction in tumor growth restricting function of NLP. Treatment of NLP with proteolytic enzymes results abolition of the tumor growth restriction in mice. Biochemical assays indicated the presence of a glycoprotein in NLP, designated as neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP) which appeared in non-denatured PAGE as a single band, and as three bands in SDS-PAGE having molecular weights 48 Kda, 24 Kda and 15 Kda. NLGP constitutes the carbohydrate moiety of about 33% consisting of arabinose, galactose and glucose. This glycoprotein consisted of seventeen amino acids of which nine were essential. Immunogenecity of this protein was defined by strong reaction of the ant-NLGP sera with NLGP by ELISA and immunoblot.Conclusion: Overall results demonstrated the immense potential of newly identified NLGP, present in NLP as an immunoprophylactic agent for tumor growth restriction.Â

Isolation, Purification and Partial Characterization of Crotalaria pallida Aiton Seed Proteins

Crotalaria pallida Aiton (Smooth rattlebox in English) is widely and wildly distributed in India. The seed of this plant is a valuable source of non-traditional proteins (about 22%) but attention was never been paid to explore the protein content. Chemical investigation has been conducted on Crotalaria pallida seeds (de-oiled) and proteins have been extracted in aqueous solution with different pHs or various concentrations of NaCl, KCl, Na2SO3 and CaCl2·2H2O at pH 7.0. The present study includes isolation, purification, and fractionation of seed protein along with its amino acid composition, molecular weight determination and surface topographies. Multiple polypeptide bands have been identified in the range of 16.5–61.6 kDa. The overall study confirms the seeds of this plant as an important source of unexplored protein

Physicochemical characterization and antibacterial activity of the leaf oil of Crotalaria pallida Aiton

Antibiotic resistance has led to the search for more effective antimicrobial agents among plant materials that can serve as source and template for the synthesis of new antimicrobial drugs. The current study aims to analyses the oil, extracted from the leaves of Crotalaria pallida for its physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Leaf oil was extracted by petroleum ether (40–60 °C) and its fatty acid constituents were isolated as a mixture after saponification. Mixture of fatty acid was purified by TLC and characterized by IR, GC and GC–MS analysis by converting them into their FAME. MIC of the oil against the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria was determined by agar diffusion method. Nineteen fatty acids were identified by gas-liquid chromatography followed by GC–MS. It was found that unsaturated fatty acids were present in greater amounts than saturated fatty acids. Most predominating unsaturated and saturated fatty acids were linolenic acid (34.06 ± 0.23%) and palmitic acid (24.47 ± 0.22%) respectively. The acid value (19.63 ± 0.22) and saponification value (109.08 ± 2.87) were also estimated to evaluate the quality of the oil. The oil showed good antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis as well as Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter junii

Evaluation of mosquito larvicidal activity of fruit extracts of <i>Acacia auriculiformis</i> against the Japanese encephalitis vector <i>Culex vishnui</i>

<p>The larvicidal potentiality of crude and ethyl acetate extracts of fruits of <i>Acacia auriculiformis</i> was investigated against all the larval instars of JE vector <i>Culex vishnui</i>. The crude extracts showed good results against all the larval instars with highest mortality at 0.09%. Highest mortality was found at 300 ppm of ethyl acetate extract. Lowest LC₅₀ value was obtained at 72 h for third instar larvae. Non target organisms tested, showed no to very less mortality to ethyl acetate solvent extract. Presence of N–H stretching, a C=O stretching, C=C and C–N stretching vibrations of secondary amide or amine group were confirmed from IR analysis. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of three compounds namely Ethane 2-chloro-1,1-dimethoxy, Acetic acid, 1-methyl ether ester and [4-[1-[3,5-Dimethyl-4[(trimethylsilyl)oxy)phenyl]-1,3-dimethylbutyl)-2,6dimethylphenoxy)(trimethyl) silane, responsible for mosquito larval death.</p

Synthesis, characterization and structure of mononuclear cobalt(III) carbonato complexes containing a tailored tetradentate amine as an end-capping ligand

Two hexacoordinated mononuclear compounds of the type [Co(L)(CO3)]ClO4/PF6 (1/2) [L = N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,2-ethanediamine] have been synthesized and characterized using microanalytical, spectroscopic and other physicochemical results. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis shows that the metal center in 1 adopts a distorted octahedral geometry with a CoN4O2 chromophore. Hexacoordination of cobalt(III) is attained by binding with four N atoms of L and two 0 atoms of a chelated carbonate ion. Multiple intermolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bondings in 1 result in a 2D sheet structure. In MeCN solutions, the diamagnetic compounds show a nearly reversible one-electron reductive response corresponding to cobalt(III)-cobalt(II) couple.</p