Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared inflammatory pathways

It is of considerable translational importance whether depression is a form or a consequence of sickness behavior. Sickness behavior is a behavioral complex induced by infections and immune trauma and mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is an adaptive response that enhances recovery by conserving energy to combat acute inflammation. There are considerable phenomenological similarities between sickness behavior and depression, for example, behavioral inhibition, anorexia and weight loss, and melancholic (anhedonia), physio-somatic (fatigue, hyperalgesia, malaise), anxiety and neurocognitive symptoms. In clinical depression, however, a transition occurs to sensitization of immuno-inflammatory pathways, progressive damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and autoimmune responses directed against self-epitopes. The latter mechanisms are the substrate of a neuroprogressive process, whereby multiple depressive episodes cause neural tissue damage and consequent functional and cognitive sequelae. Thus, shared immuno-inflammatory pathways underpin the physiology of sickness behavior and the pathophysiology of clinical depression explaining their partially overlapping phenomenology. Inflammation may provoke a Janus-faced response with a good, acute side, generating protective inflammation through sickness behavior and a bad, chronic side, for example, clinical depression, a lifelong disorder with positive feedback loops between (neuro)inflammation and (neuro)degenerative processes following less well defined triggers

Part III. Karyosystematics of selected Chironominae of New Mexico

Karyotypes are described for Chironomus decorum group species 3a, Chironomus utahensis, Chironomus stigmaterus, Stictochironomus new species 1, Stictochironomus new species 2, Stictochironomus marmoreus, Tanytarsus new species 8, Dicrotendipes fumidus, Dicrotendipes neomodestus, Dicrotendipes californicus and Phaenopsectra new species 1. The Chjironomus decorum group offers great promise in water quality assessment through analyses of chromosomal rearrangements and inversion frequencies as related to water quality parameters

Yama tahitiensis n.gen., n.sp. from Tahiti (Diptera: Chironomidae).

Describes the morphology of the adult male and female, pupa, larva and polytene chromosomes of a new species and genus of chironomid from Tahit

Chironomus columbiensis (Diptera : Chironomidae) new to the fauna of the United States

We document the first records of Chironomus columbiensis in the United States. It is one of a number of Neotropical Chironomidae recently detected in the United States

Cytogenetic differentiation between Palearctic and Nearctic populations of Chironomus plumosus L-(Diptera, Chironomidae)

Submitted version uploaded has the title: Karyotype divergence between Palearctic and Nearctic populations of the Holarctic species Chironomus plumosus L. (Diptera, Chironomidae).Macrogeographic patterns of chromosomal banding sequences were studied in natural populations of the Holarctic species Chironomus plumosus. Of the 31 inversion sequences now known, 16 are endemic to the Palearctic, 7 are endemic to the Nearctic, and 8 are Holarctic sequences common to both zoogeographic zones. Differences in the sets of inversion sequences found on each continent, plus differing frequencies of Holarctic sequences, result in great overall divergence of karyotypes on the two continents. The karyotype of Nearctic C. plumosus differs from that of Palearctic populations primarily by the presence of a homozygous Nearctic sequence in arm A (n'plu A9), along with fixation (h'plu C2, h'plu E2, and h'plu F1), or high frequency (h'plu D2), of Holarctic sequences which are present but less frequent in the Palearctic. Although long continental isolation has led to great divergence of karyotypes on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean, all populations of C. plumosus show sufficient cytogenetic similarity to constitute a single Holarctic species