Study of the role of dysprosium substitution in tuning structural, optical, electrical, dielectric, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties of bismuth ferrite multiferroic

Magnetoelectric multiferroics, which combine ferroelectric and magnetic characteristics, have potential use in a variety of electronic devices. In this work, Dy3+ substituted bismuth ferrites with the chemical formula Bi1−xDyxFeO3 (x = 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60) were synthesized using the sol-gel auto combustion process. The effect of Dysprosium substitution in BiFeO3 (BFO), on its structural, surface morphology, optical, electrical, dielectric, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties were studied. The rhombohedral perovskite structure of the space group (R3c) was confirmed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Moreover, the crystallite size had a maximum value of 59.57 nm for x = 0.30. XRD and FTIR confirmed the substitution of Dy3+ into BFO ferrite. Further, the structural change and absorption bands confirmed the substitution of Dy3+ ions into the lattice. For x = 0.30, the energy bandgap of 2.81 eV was found. The resistivity and activation energy were minimum and drift mobility was maximum at x = 0.30 as compared to Dy3+ doped BFO samples. At low frequency, the dielectric loss was reduced, while at high frequency, the dielectric loss increased with increasing frequency. The saturated polarization (PS), electric polarization (EC), and remnant polarization (Pr) have values of 6.95 µC/cm2, 3.49 µC/cm2, and 1.53 kV/cm for x = 0.30, respectively. The maximum saturation magnetization and microwave frequencies were 10.89 emu/g and 2.41 GHz, respectively at Dy3+ concentration x = 0.30. These materials are suitable for electronic and microwave devices