Detection of Puerarin from Pueraria Mirifica Tuber and Its Formulated Cosmetic Products

Pueraria mirifica (PM) has traditionally been used to relieve postmenopausal symptoms. Recently, its extract has been developed into various cosmetic products to promote skin rejuvenation and youthfulness. This study investigated the phytochemicals of PM tuber and compared between the tuber flesh and its outer peel. Puerarin which is one of the major isoflavones and being considered as the marker compound was used to determine the presence of PM extract in local cosmetic products. Puerarin could be ionized by a mass spectrometer at both negative and positive modes. The peak ionized at the negative mode showed to have a narrower peak width (0.2 min) and higher signal-to-noise ratio (30) for pueararin (1 mg/L). The results also found PM extract contained many C- and O-glycosylated isoflavones, especially from its peel extract. This explains the peel extract showed to have four times higher antiradical activity than those of flesh extract. Puerarin from the cosmetic products was recovered via successive methanolic sonication and followed by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. Puerarin was successfully partitioned from the highly complex chemical mixture of cosmetic products with the recovery ranged from 89.1 % to 115 %. Hence, isoflavones was found to be higher at the outer peels than its tuber flesh. A simple and reliable method has been developed to analyse the presence of PM extract in cosmetic products based on the detection of puerarin after successive extraction via methanolic sonication and ethyl acetate partition

Optimization of concentrating process using rotary vacuum evaporation for pineapple juice

Pineapple juice has high water content which limits the storage duration and increases the transportation cost. This work was aimed to optimize the concentrating process of pineapple juice using a rotary vacuum evaporation statistically. The concentrating process was varied at temperatures (50–70 °C) and time (30–120 min) at the fixed pressure, 200 mbar in 13 experimental runs. The results found that rotary vacuum evaporation was able to reduce 44.3 % water content and increase total sugar content from 7.70 to 14.65 °Brix. The significant increment of total acidity from 4.43 to 10.91 g/100 mL could be due to the presence of citric acid and other organic acids in concentrated pineapple juice. The browning index of concentrated juice was also increased from 0.101 to 0.344 with the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural (1.55 mg/mL) as byproduct. Hydroxymethylfurfural is a carcinogenic substance which usually produced automatically in carbohydrate rich foods during thermal processing. Nevertheless, the content of hydroxymethylfurfural is still far below the permittable limit of 40 mg/kg as specified for table honey. Based on the response surface methodology, the optimized concentrating parameters were 60 °C for 75 min at 200 mBar using a central composite design

PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HOPEA PONGA (DENNST) MABBERLY EXTRACTS

Objective: The present study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanol and aqueous extracts of Hopea ponga. Methods: Hopea ponga leaf and stem sample were powdered and extracted with methanol and water. The extracts were screened for various phytochemical by HPLC and TLC studies. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed by spectrophotometric method and the antioxidant activity was estimated using 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavening activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assay. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method & MIC by Broth dilution method. Results: The methanol extracts exhibited significant (p <0.05) higher antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 108µg/ml and 122 µg/ml in leaf and stem extracts respectively in the DPPH radical scavenging method, 147.2 µg/ml 136 µg/ml in the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay compared to aqueous extracts. The amount of total phenolics in methanol leaf and stem was around 286mg and 213mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) respectively. The total flavonoid contents of methanol extracts of stem and leaf were around 108.3 mg and 86 mg catechin equivalents per gram respectively. Methanol leaf and stem extracts were found to possess maximum antibacterial activity with MIC ranging around167-648ug/ml against tested strains. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated the presence of phenolic compounds such as quercetin, gallic acid, para hyroxybenzoic acid. Conclusion: The results indicate that the extracts had significant free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity. The results suggest that Hopea ponga, may be a good source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial source

Effect of silver based products on simulated body fluid

Silver Zeolite A, Silver clinoptilolite, and Silver bentonite are called Silver Based Products (SBPs) .They have been used for treating some types of infectious diseases as antibacterial agents. Gastric fluid is vital fluids in body.. The first aims of this study is to study the effect of SBPs on the pH changes of gastric fluids in different concentrations, however, studying the effects of simulated gastric fluid (SGF) as model of gastric fluid on the structures of SBPs was the second aim. Zeolites and clay were applied as the carrier materials which silver ion (Ag+) could attach to them and produce SBPs as antibacterial agents. SBPs are analyzed by EDX and FTIR spectroscopy. The effects of SBPs on (SGF) are studied in different concentrations. The chemical framework variations of SBPs are analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy after contact with SGF in different concentrations and the results shown, the most important structural peaks which are same as those parents. SBPs had some insignificant structural variations after contacted with SGF. With increasing concentration of SBPs to SGF, more changes are occurred on their structures. At last the pepsin activity in SGF is studied

Solvation free energy simulation for rosmarinic acid extraction from orthosiphon stamineus

This study was aimed to extract rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (Lamiaceae) in high yield. The mixture of chloroform–ethyl acetate (70:30) was chosen as the solvent system because rosmarinic acid gave the lowest solvation free energy in that solvent system based on the computational solubility prediction. The crude extract of the plant was fractionated by C18 reversed phase absorbent to recover rosmarinic acid. The content of rosmarinic acid was increased from 4.0% w/w to 6.7% w/w after fractionation. The radical scavenging activity of rosmarinic acid rich fraction (IC50 = 38.3 �g/mL) was higher than the crude extract (IC50 = 58.85 �g/mL) based on the DPPH assay. Several phytochemicals were also identified based on the detection of fragment ions of target compounds. Fractions 1 to 3 could be combined to be a rosmarinic acid rich fraction. Simultaneously, the combination of fractions 4 to 6 could obtain a plant fraction rich in rosmarinic acid, sinensetin and eupatorin, whereas fractions 7 to 9 could be combined as a sinensetin rich fraction. The preparation of known phytochemical profile of O. stamineus fraction is highly required for value added product formulation and pharmacological studies, particularly for anti-diabetes and kidney related diseases which had previously been reported attributed to this herbal plant. This is the first study using solvation free energy to predict the suitable solvent system for rosmarinic acid extraction from highly complex herbal sample using the technology of solid phase extraction. The use of solvation free energy simulation is convenient and reliable before wet experiments for time and cost saving

Pilot scale extraction of orthosiphon stamineus raw material as rosmarinic acid extract

A scale-up protocol for rosmarinic acid extraction from Orthosiphon stamineus was developed using the concept of constant power dissipation for a similar kinetic profile. Rosmarinic acid is the bioactive compound in the herb and therefore, large scale extraction for that compound is important for commercial application. The first-order kinetic equation which was established in the preparative scale extraction was used to describe the extraction of rosmarinic acid from the herb. The agitation speed of the pilot large-scale extractor (451 rpm) was determined based on the constant power dissipation to meet the minimal required speed, namely just-suspended speed (Njs), 450.84 ± 0.88 rpm. The experimental data was fitted well to the proposed kinetic equation with a high correlation coefficient, R2 0.88, and a low root mean square error, RMSE 3.85. This indicates the good performance of the scale-up approach based on the dynamic criterion. Therefore, the use of constant power dissipation to obtain a similar kinetic profile could be applied for phytochemical extraction from herbal plants

Concentrating rosmarinic acid from orthosiphon aristatus extract for high antioxidative candies

Extraction and fractionation were carried out to concentrate the rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon aristatus in order to increase the value of herbal candy formulated using polyphenolic rich extract. The herb was extracted and fractionated in column chromatography, and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The collected plant fractions with similar chromatographic profiles were combined and determined for antioxidant capacities expressed in radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity was in good agreement with the concentration of rosmarinic acid in the combined fractions. The combined fraction II showed the highest rosmarinic acid content, 3.8%w/w and the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50=14.922 ppm). The incorporation of rosmarinic acid rich extract into candy formulation did not statistically affect the antioxidant capacity. Hence, the rosmarinic acid rich extract could be another choice of ingredient to enhance the beneficial property of candies. Candy is another form of carrier to deliver herbal ingredient for health promotion

Kinetic and reactor modelling of lipases catalyzed (R,S)-1-phenylethanol resolution

This study was focused on the development of a kinetic model and a reactor model for the enzymatic resolution of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol. The reaction progress curves catalyzed by immobilized lipases, ChiroCLEC-PC in batch stirred tank reactor were used to develop the kinetic model. The resolution followed Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism with the inhibition of lauric acid, (R,S)-1-phenylethanol and water. The validity of the model was verified by fitting it to another experimental data catalyzed by immobilized lipases, Chirazyme L2, c.-f., C3, lyo at the same reaction conditions. The rate equation was then applied for the development of reactor model in a recirculated packed bed reactor system. The overall effectiveness factor and Peclet number were used to determine the mass transfer and axial dispersion limitation in the reactor performance. The reactor model was verified by fitting it to the larger scale reactor data with the correlation coefficient value more than 0.99

Solubility models for the recovery of rosmarinic acid from orthosiphon aristatus extract using solid phase extraction

Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters, and log P value are widely used to determine the solubility of polymers in solvents. The models were used to explain the recovery of phytochemical, rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon aristatus extract in C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) using the eluent consisting of ethyl acetate and chloroform in the decreasing polarity of solvent system. The experimental recovery of rosmarinic acid appeared to be well explained by the Hansen solubility model. The small difference in the Hansen solubility parameters, particularly for dispersion and hydrogen bonding forces, results in a higher polar solvent system for high rosmarinic acid recovery. The results found that the Hansen solubility model fitted well to the recovery of rosmarinic acid from crude extract with high coefficient of determination (R2 > 0.8), low standard error (4.4%), and p < 0.05. Hildebrand solubility is likely to be the second fit model, whereas log P has poor R2 < 0.7 and higher standard error (7.3%). The Hansen solubility model describes the interaction of solute–solvent in three dimensions (dispersion, polar, and hydrogen bonding forces) which can accurately explain the recovery of rosmarinic acid. Therefore, Hansen solubility can be used to predict the recovery of rosmarinic acid from O. aristatus extract using SPE

Prediction of the solubility of caffeic acid in water using an activity coefficient model

Solubility of solid compounds is one of the most widely used physicochemical properties in chemical engineering design and experiments. Experimental works for solubility are not always possible because of the small amount of yield available in the phytochemicals extraction. Thus, one interesting perspective is the used of thermodynamic models, which are usually employed for predicting the activity coefficients in the case of solid–liquid equilibria (SLE). Phytochemical compound used in this study is caffeic acid where a comparative study of the MPP-UNIFAC and Pharma Modified UNIFAC were used to predict the solubilities of this phytochemical. The performances of these two activity coefficient models were compared using the experimental solubilities data obtained from the literature in the temperature range of 288 to 323 K and were evaluated by analysing the absolute relative errors (ARE) between the experimental and the predicted values. Moreover, the model errors were also discussed according to the functional groups of the molecules and water as the solvent. In general, the MPP UNIFAC showed better accuracy as compared to the Pharma Modified UNIFAC in predicting the solubility of caffeic acid in water. Nevertheless, both models give very poor qualitative predictions