13 research outputs found

    Prikaz rada Službe medicinske mikrobiologije i parazitologije

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    Mikrobiologija i parasitologija kao medicinska struka proučava etiologiju infekcija, usmjerava antimikrobnu terapiju i razrađuje metodologiju dijagnostike infekcija. Služba medicinske mikrobiologije i parasitologije Zavoda obavlja javno-zdravstvenu i specijalističko konzilijarnu mikrobioloÅ”ku djelatnost od interesa za Å ibensko-kninsku županiju, sudjeluje u stručnim i znanstvenim ispitivanjima, te kao nastavna baza srednje medicinske Å”kole provodi praktičnu edukaciju iz područja medicinske mikrobiologije i parasitologije

    Fakoemulzifikacija na očima s bijelom kataraktom

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    Phacoemulsification of white cataracts is associated with some difficulties and a higher rate of intraoperative complications. The aim of this report is to describe one of these cases and the possible ways to manage them. We report on cataract surgery in a 79-year-old patient with white mature cataract and insufficient mydriasis because of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The use of vital dyes for staining the anterior capsule enhances visualization and helps perform continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis, which is a key point for performing successful phacoemulsification. In case of small pupils because of insufficient pharmacological mydriasis, we can either enlarge the pupil or work through it. Meticulous preoperative biomicroscopic and A-scan examination (the type of cataract according to intralental A-scan findings) can help select appropriate phaco technique. Despite a higher rate of intraoperative complications, white cataracts can be safely operated on with phacoemulsification technique.Fakoemulzifikacija bijelih katarakta povezana je s određenim specifičnim poteÅ”koćama i većom učestaloŔću intraoperacijskih komplikacija. Cilj ovoga rada je opisati jedan od ovih slučajeva i moguće načine njihovog rjeÅ”avanja. Prikazujemo operaciju katarakte u 79-godiÅ”nje bolesnice s bijelom zrelom kataraktom i insuficijentnom midrijazom zbog pseudoeksfolijativnog sindroma. Upotrebom vitalnih boja za bojenje prednje kapsule poboljÅ”ava se vizualizacija i olakÅ”ava izvođenje kontinuirane kružne kapsulorekse, Å”to je ključna točka za izvođenje uspjeÅ”ne fakoemulzifikacije. U slučaju uske zjenice zbog nedovoljne farmakoloÅ”ke midrijaze možemo ili proÅ”iriti zjenicu ili operirati kroz nju. Pažljiv prijeoperacijski pregled na biomikroskopu i ultrazvučni A-scan pregled (tip katarakte s obzirom na karakteristike intralentalnih odjeka) može pomoći u odabiru odgovarajuće fakoemulzifikacijske tehnike. Unatoč većoj učestalosti intraoperacijskih komplikacija bijele katarakte se mogu uspjeÅ”no operirati tehnikom fakoemulzifikacije

    Praćenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike na području Šibensko- kninske županije

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    Rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike veliki je javnozdravstveni problem s kojim se svakodnevno susreću liječnici gotovo svih specijalnosti u svojoj kliničkoj praksi. Izbor antibiotika za započinjanje pravodobne empirijske terapije otežan je zbog sve rezistentnijih uzročnika infekcija, stoga je neophodno poznavanje osjetljivosti bakterija na antibiotike u vlastitoj sredini. Mikrobiolozi u Hrvatskoj dobro su prepoznali ovaj problem pa su se već 1996. godine voditelji mikrobioloÅ”kih laboratorija organizirali u Odbor za praćenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike pri Kolegiju za javno zdravstvo Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske (AMZH). Odbor je započeo rad s mrežom od 14 mikrobioloÅ”kih laboratorija da bi u 2006. godini okupljao 34 laboratorija čime je omogućeno kontinuirano prikupljanje podataka o rezistenciji bakterija s čitavog područja Hrvatske

    Amendments and updates to the ISKRACroatian national guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections in adults

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    Kod odabira lijeka za infekcije mokraćnog sustava (IMS) gledamo njegov spektar djelovanja, in vitro djelotvornost, farmakokinetiku, farmakodinamiku, nuspojave, interakcije s drugim lijekovima, kontraindikacije za primjenu, mjesto liječenja, cijenu, jednostavnost primjene, individualne osobine pojedinačnog bolesnika i pojedinačne infekcije, poziciju na listi HZZO. Kod određivanja empirijske antimikrobne terapije za IMS moramo imati uvid u lokalna istraživanja uzročnika pojedinih kliničkih sindroma i njihovu osjetljivost na antimikrobna sredstva. Prema ISKRAhrvatskim nacionalnim smjernicama i nihovim dopunama i promjenama s obzirom na preporuke EUCAST-a za liječenje IMS, preporuča se sljedeće: ā€“ za akutne nekomplicirane IMS donjeg urotrakta žena kao prvi izbor nitrofurantoin u dozi 2Ɨ100 mg po. kroz 7 dana, ili fosfomicin 1Ɨ3,0 g po. jednokratno, kao alternativna terapija koamoksiklav 2Ɨ1,0 g po. kroz 7 dana, cefaleksin 2Ɨ1,0 g po. kroz 7 dana, cefuroksim aksetil, ili cefiksim, zatim norfloksacin 2Ɨ400 mg po. kroz 3 dana, ā€“ za akutni nekomplicirani pijelonefritis prvi izbor je koamoksiklav 2Ɨ1,0 g po. kroz 10ā€“14 dana, a alternativna terapija su cefalosporini II ili III generacije kroz 10ā€“14 dana, te ciprofloksacin 2Ɨ500 mg po. kroz 7ā€“10 dana, ā€“ za komplicirane IMS žena lijek prvog izbora je koamoksiklav 2Ɨ1,0 g po. kroz 10ā€“14 dana, a alternativna terapija je ceftibuten, odnosno ciprofloksacin 2Ɨ500 mg po. kroz 7ā€“10 dana, ā€“ za akutne IMS mu{karaca koji imaju i sustavne simptome, lijek prvog izbora je ciprofloksacin 2Ɨ500 mg po. kroz 2 tjedna, a alternativna terapija je koamoksiklav 2Ɨ1,0 g po. kroz 14 dana, odnosno ceftibuten 14 dana, ā€“ za IMS muÅ”karaca koji imaju tegobe koje odgovaraju bakterijskom prostatitisu lijek prvog izbora je ciprofloksacin 2Ɨ500 mg po. kroz 4 tjedna, a alternativna terapija su trimetoprim/sulfametoksazol ili ceftibuten, ā€“ za IMS trudnica, prema kliničkom sindromu, trajanju trudnoće i antibiogramu uzročnika, preporuča se terapija 7ā€“14 dana: ceftibuten, koamoksiklav, nitrofurantoin, amoksicilin ili fosfomicin.When selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs), the following drug characteristics should be taken into account: spectrum of activity, in vitro efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, the location of treatment, cost, ease of administration, individual characteristics of particular patient and infection, the position of the drug on the Croatian Health Insurance Fund medicine list. In determining the empirical antimicrobial therapy for UTIs, one has to consider the results of local research on causative pathogens for particular clinical syndromes and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. According to ISKRA Croatian National Guidelines and their amendments and updates, with regards to EUCAST recommendations for UTI treatmet, the following is recommended: ā€“ for acute uncomplicated lower UTIs in women, the drug of choice is nitrofurantoin (2Ɨ100 mg po. for 7 days), or fosfomycin (1Ɨ3.0 g po. once), and as alternative therapy co-amoxiclav (2Ɨ1.0 g po. for 7 days), cephalexin (2Ɨ1.0 g po. for 7 days), cefuroxime axetil or cefixime or, followed by norfloxacin (2Ɨ400 mg. po. for 3 days); ā€“ for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis the drug of choice is coamoxiclav (2Ɨ1.0 g po. for 10ā€“14 days), and as alternative therapy the 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporins for 10ā€“14 days, and ciprofloxacin (2Ɨ500 mg po. for 7ā€“10 days), ā€“ for complicated UTIs in women the drug of choice is coamoxiclav (2Ɨ1.0 g po. for 10ā€“14 days) and the alternative therapy is ceftibuten, that is ciprofloxacin (2Ɨ500 mg po. for 7ā€“10 days); ā€“ for acute UTIs in men who have systemic symptoms, the drug of choice is ciprofloxacin (2Ɨ500 mg po. for 2 weeks), and alternative therapy is co-amoxiclav (2Ɨ1.0 g po. for 14 days) or ceftriaxone for 14 days; ā€“ for UTIs in men with complaints that correspond to chronic bacterial prostatitis the drug of choice is ciprofloxacin (2Ɨ500 mg po. for 4 weeks), and alternative therapies are trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole or ceftibuten; ā€“ for UTIs in pregnant women, according to clinical syndromes, duration of pregnancy and antibiogram of the causative pathogen, the following 7ā€“14 day therapy is recommended: ceftibuten, co-amoxiclav, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin or fosfomycin

    INFECTIONS DURING THE FIRST POSTTRANSPLANT YEAR ā€“ EXPERIENCE AT Å IBENIK GENERAL HOSPITAL

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    Infektivne komplikacije su veliki rizik za primatelje bubrega i odgovorne su za značajan morbiditet i mortalitet, u prvom redu zbog posttransplantacijske imunosupresije. Cilj rada bio je prikazati učestalost i vrstu infektivnih komplikacija u primatelja bubrega tijekom prve godine nakon transplantacije. Retrospektivn smo analizirali dijagnostiku i liječenje infektivnih komplikacija u primatelja bubrega koji su bili u skrbi NefroloÅ”kog odjela Opće bolnice Å ibenik u razdoblju 2004.ā€“2012. godine. Bilježena je pojavnost infekcija mokraćnog sustava (asimptomatske bakterijurije, akutnog pijelonefritisa, urosepse), donjeg diÅ”nog sustava (pneumonije), infekcija citomegalovirusom, poliomavirusima (BK virus, JC virus), Epstein-Barrovim virusom (EBV) i varicela zoster virusom (VZV). Učestalost i vrstu infektivnih komplikacija promatrali smo s obzirom na jednogodiÅ”nje i trogodiÅ”nje preživljenje presatka i primatelja. Posebno smo se osvrnuli na ishod bolesnika s transplantatom s kroničnom infekcijom HCV-om. Rezultate smo obradili deskriptivnom statistikom. U promatranom razdoblju praćeno je 36 bolesnika s transplantatom od kojih 22 muÅ”karca i 14 žena, životne dobi u trenutku transplantacije 19ā€“73 godine. NajčeŔća infektivna komplikacija u 25 (69 %) bolesnika bila je infekcija mokraćnog sustava od kojih je 17 (68 %) imalo jedan ili viÅ”e recidiva. NajčeŔći klinički oblik bio je akutni pijelonefritis (14/25), a najčeŔći uzročnici E. coli i Klebsiella pneumoniae (u po 12/25 slučajeva) od čega se u 4/12 slučajeva radilo o soju koji luči beta-laktamaze proÅ”irenog spektra. Pneumonija je registrirana u 4 (11 %) bolesnika s transplantatom od kojih jedna uzrokovana CMV-om, dok su ostale bile bakterijske etiologije. Infekcija CMV-om i BK virusom javila se u po 6 (17 %) bolesnika, dok je infekciju VZV-om razvilo 4 (11 %) bolesnika. U jednog bolesnika s meningoencefalitisom dokazana je infekcija EBV-om; isti je bolesnik osim uroinfekcije imao pneumonitis uzrokovan CMV-om te akutno odbacivanje transplantiranog organa. TrogodiÅ”nje preživljenje presatka iznosilo je 100 % u bolesnika bez infekcije mokraćnog sustava, a 96 % u bolesnika s infekcijom u prvoj godini nakon transplantacije.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and type of infective complications in kidney recipients during the first year after transplantation. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data on the diagnosis and treatment of infective complications in 36 patients transplanted from 2004 until September 2012 (22 men and 14 women), age at the time of transplantation 19-73 years. We recorded the incidence of urinary tract infections, clinical variants (asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute pyelonephritis, sepsis) and etiology, i.e. causes, pneumonia, viral infections and cytomegalovirus infections (CMV) (with special reference to the use or no use of prophylactic valganciclovir), polyoma virus infection, BKV, JC, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes zoster virus. Results: The most common infective complication, uroinfection, was recorded in 69% of patients, of which 68% had one or more relapses. The most common clinical form of the infection was acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (of which 4 cases of ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae). Pneumonia occurred in 4 transplant patients, one CMV pneumonia, other of bacterial origin. CMV infection and BKV occurred in 17% and herpes zoster infection in 11% of patients. One patient was diagnosed with EBV meningoencephalitis. One-year graft survival was 100% in patients without urinary tract infections in the first year after transplantation (31% of all patients) and 96% in patients with infections (69% of all patients).Three-year graft survival rate was 100% in patients without infection and 96% in patients with infections in the first year after transplantation. One- and three-year graft survival in patients with chronic hepatitis C was 100%. It was a small group of patients (5/36, 14%); the incidence of urinary tract infections amounted to 60%, and of CMV and BK virus to 20%

    ISKRA GUIDELINES ON DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF PROSTATITIS ā€“ CROATIAN NATIONAL GUIDELINES

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    Smjernice se odnose na klasifikaciju, dijagnostiku i liječenje sindroma prostatitisa. Njihov su cilj standardizacija, izjednačavanje i optimalizacija dijagnostike, liječenja i praćenja bolesnika s prostatitisom koji će dovesti do poboljÅ”anja kvalitete zdravstvene zaÅ”tite ovih bolesnika te promovirati racionalnu potroÅ”nju antibiotika. Namijenjene su ponajprije liječnicima opće prakse i specijalistima koji rade u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaÅ”titi i bolnicama. Ministarstvo zdravstva Republike Hrvatske (RH) imenovalo je članove Radne grupe za izradu smjernica namijenjenih dijagnostici i liječenju prostatitisa. Smjernice se temelje na dokazima iz sistematski pregledane literature, na lokalnim podacima o osjetljivosti bakterija na antibiotike, na postojećim kliničkim protokolima za dijagnostiku i liječenje prostatitisa, kao i prijedlozima i komentarima kolega liječnika. One su putem tečajeva trajne edukacije Å”iroko predstavljene liječnicima obiteljske medicine te specijalistima koji rade u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaÅ”titi i bolnicama ā€“ urolozima, infektolozima, mikrobiolozima i nefrolozima. ZavrÅ”nu verziju smjernica pregledali su i prihvatili članovi Interdisciplinarne sekcije za kontrolu rezistencije na antibiotike. U smjernicama su predstavljene kliničke upute radi standardizacije postupaka i kriterija za postavljanje dijagnoze i liječenje bolesnika s prostatitisom u RH.These guidelines refer to classification, diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis syndrome. The aim of these guidelines is the standardization, harmonization and optimization of diagnostics, treatment and monitoring of patients with prostatitis that would lead to improved quality of health care for these patients and promote rational use of antibiotics. The guidelines are primarily intended for general practitioners and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals. The members of the Working Group (WG) for the development of guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis were appointed by the Croatian Ministry of Health. The evidence for these guidelines was identified by systematic review of the literature, local antibiotic resistance data, existing clinical protocols for diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis, as well as suggestions and comments from colleagues physicians. Through continuing medical education courses, the guidelines were widely presented to family medicine physicians and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals ā€“ urologists, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists and nephrologists. The final version of the guidelines was reviewed and approved by members of the Intersectoral Coordination Mechanism for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance (ISKRA). These guidelines also present clinical instructions aimed at standardizing the procedures and criteria for diagnosis and treatment of patients with prostatitis in Croatia

    Smjernice ISKRA za dijagnostiku i liječenje prostatitisa ā€“ hrvatske nacionalne smjernice [ISKRA guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis ā€“ croatian national guidelines]

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    These guidelines refer to classification, diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis syndrome. The aim of these guidelines is the standardization, harmonization and optimization of diagnostics, treatment and monitoring of patients with prostatitis that would lead to improved quality of health care for these patients and promote rational use of antibiotics. The guidelines are primarily intended for general practitioners and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals. The members of the Working Group (WG) for the development of guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis were appointed by the Croatian Ministry of Health. The evidence for these guidelines was identified by systematic review of the literature, local antibiotic resistance data, existing clinical protocols for diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis, as well as suggestions and comments from colleagues physicians. Through continuing medical education courses, the guidelines were widely presented to family medicine physicians and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals ā€“ urologists, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists and nephrologists. The final version of the guidelines was reviewed and approved by members of the Intersectoral Coordination Mechanism for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance (ISKRA). These guidelines also present clinical instructions aimed at standardizing the procedures and criteria for diagnosis and treatment of patients with prostatitis in Croatia
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