13 research outputs found
Prikaz rada Službe medicinske mikrobiologije i parazitologije
Mikrobiologija i parasitologija kao medicinska struka prouÄava etiologiju infekcija, usmjerava antimikrobnu terapiju i razraÄuje metodologiju dijagnostike infekcija. Služba medicinske mikrobiologije i parasitologije Zavoda obavlja javno-zdravstvenu i specijalistiÄko konzilijarnu mikrobioloÅ”ku djelatnost od interesa za Å ibensko-kninsku županiju, sudjeluje u struÄnim i znanstvenim ispitivanjima, te kao nastavna baza srednje medicinske Å”kole provodi praktiÄnu edukaciju iz podruÄja medicinske mikrobiologije i parasitologije
Fakoemulzifikacija na oÄima s bijelom kataraktom
Phacoemulsification of white cataracts is associated with some difficulties and a higher rate of intraoperative complications. The aim of this report is to describe one of these cases and the possible ways to manage them. We report on cataract surgery in a 79-year-old patient with white mature cataract and insufficient mydriasis because of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome. The use of vital dyes for staining the anterior capsule enhances visualization and helps perform continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis, which is a key point for performing successful phacoemulsification. In case of small pupils because of insufficient pharmacological mydriasis, we can either enlarge the pupil or work through it. Meticulous preoperative biomicroscopic and A-scan examination (the type of cataract according to intralental A-scan findings) can help select appropriate phaco technique. Despite a higher rate of intraoperative complications, white cataracts can be safely operated on with phacoemulsification technique.Fakoemulzifikacija bijelih katarakta povezana je s odreÄenim specifiÄnim poteÅ”koÄama i veÄom uÄestaloÅ”Äu intraoperacijskih komplikacija. Cilj ovoga rada je opisati jedan od ovih sluÄajeva i moguÄe naÄine njihovog rjeÅ”avanja. Prikazujemo operaciju katarakte u 79-godiÅ”nje bolesnice s bijelom zrelom kataraktom i insuficijentnom midrijazom zbog pseudoeksfolijativnog sindroma. Upotrebom vitalnih boja za bojenje prednje kapsule poboljÅ”ava se vizualizacija i olakÅ”ava izvoÄenje kontinuirane kružne kapsulorekse, Å”to je kljuÄna toÄka za izvoÄenje uspjeÅ”ne fakoemulzifikacije. U sluÄaju uske zjenice zbog nedovoljne farmakoloÅ”ke midrijaze možemo ili proÅ”iriti zjenicu ili operirati kroz nju. Pažljiv prijeoperacijski pregled na biomikroskopu i ultrazvuÄni A-scan pregled (tip katarakte s obzirom na karakteristike intralentalnih odjeka) može pomoÄi u odabiru odgovarajuÄe fakoemulzifikacijske tehnike. UnatoÄ veÄoj uÄestalosti intraoperacijskih komplikacija bijele
katarakte se mogu uspjeŔno operirati tehnikom fakoemulzifikacije
PraÄenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike na podruÄju Å ibensko- kninske županije
Rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike veliki je javnozdravstveni problem s kojim se svakodnevno susreÄu lijeÄnici gotovo svih specijalnosti u svojoj kliniÄkoj praksi. Izbor antibiotika za zapoÄinjanje pravodobne empirijske terapije otežan je zbog sve rezistentnijih uzroÄnika infekcija, stoga je neophodno poznavanje osjetljivosti bakterija na antibiotike u vlastitoj sredini. Mikrobiolozi u Hrvatskoj dobro su prepoznali ovaj problem pa su se veÄ 1996. godine voditelji mikrobioloÅ”kih laboratorija organizirali u Odbor za praÄenje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike pri Kolegiju za javno zdravstvo Akademije medicinskih znanosti Hrvatske (AMZH). Odbor je zapoÄeo rad s mrežom od 14 mikrobioloÅ”kih laboratorija da bi u 2006. godini okupljao 34 laboratorija Äime je omoguÄeno kontinuirano prikupljanje podataka o rezistenciji bakterija s Äitavog podruÄja Hrvatske
Amendments and updates to the ISKRACroatian national guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections in adults
Kod odabira lijeka za infekcije mokraÄnog sustava (IMS) gledamo njegov spektar djelovanja, in vitro djelotvornost, farmakokinetiku, farmakodinamiku, nuspojave, interakcije s drugim lijekovima, kontraindikacije za primjenu, mjesto lijeÄenja, cijenu, jednostavnost primjene, individualne osobine pojedinaÄnog bolesnika i pojedinaÄne infekcije, poziciju na listi HZZO. Kod odreÄivanja empirijske antimikrobne terapije za IMS moramo imati uvid u lokalna istraživanja uzroÄnika pojedinih kliniÄkih sindroma i njihovu osjetljivost na antimikrobna sredstva. Prema ISKRAhrvatskim nacionalnim smjernicama i nihovim dopunama i promjenama s obzirom na preporuke EUCAST-a za lijeÄenje IMS, preporuÄa se sljedeÄe:
ā za akutne nekomplicirane IMS donjeg urotrakta žena kao prvi izbor nitrofurantoin u dozi 2Ć100 mg po. kroz 7 dana, ili fosfomicin 1Ć3,0 g po. jednokratno, kao alternativna terapija koamoksiklav 2Ć1,0 g po. kroz 7 dana, cefaleksin 2Ć1,0 g po. kroz 7 dana, cefuroksim aksetil, ili cefiksim, zatim norfloksacin 2Ć400 mg po. kroz 3 dana,
ā za akutni nekomplicirani pijelonefritis prvi izbor je koamoksiklav 2Ć1,0 g po. kroz 10ā14 dana, a alternativna terapija su cefalosporini II ili III generacije kroz 10ā14 dana, te ciprofloksacin 2Ć500 mg po. kroz 7ā10 dana,
ā za komplicirane IMS žena lijek prvog izbora je koamoksiklav 2Ć1,0 g po. kroz 10ā14 dana, a alternativna terapija je ceftibuten, odnosno ciprofloksacin 2Ć500 mg po. kroz 7ā10 dana,
ā za akutne IMS mu{karaca koji imaju i sustavne simptome, lijek prvog izbora je ciprofloksacin 2Ć500 mg po. kroz 2 tjedna, a alternativna terapija je koamoksiklav 2Ć1,0 g po. kroz 14 dana, odnosno ceftibuten 14 dana,
ā za IMS muÅ”karaca koji imaju tegobe koje odgovaraju bakterijskom prostatitisu lijek prvog izbora je ciprofloksacin 2Ć500 mg po. kroz 4 tjedna, a alternativna terapija su trimetoprim/sulfametoksazol ili ceftibuten,
ā za IMS trudnica, prema kliniÄkom sindromu, trajanju trudnoÄe i antibiogramu uzroÄnika, preporuÄa se terapija 7ā14 dana: ceftibuten, koamoksiklav, nitrofurantoin, amoksicilin ili fosfomicin.When selecting appropriate antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs), the following drug characteristics should be taken into account: spectrum of activity, in vitro efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side effects, drug interactions, contraindications, the location of treatment, cost, ease of administration, individual characteristics of particular patient and infection, the position of the drug on the Croatian Health Insurance Fund medicine list. In determining the empirical antimicrobial therapy for UTIs, one has to consider the results of local research on causative pathogens for particular clinical syndromes and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. According to ISKRA Croatian National Guidelines and their amendments and updates, with regards to EUCAST recommendations for UTI treatmet, the following is recommended:
ā for acute uncomplicated lower UTIs in women, the drug of choice is nitrofurantoin (2Ć100 mg po. for 7 days), or fosfomycin (1Ć3.0 g po. once), and as alternative therapy co-amoxiclav (2Ć1.0 g po. for 7 days), cephalexin (2Ć1.0 g po. for 7 days), cefuroxime axetil or cefixime or, followed by norfloxacin (2Ć400 mg. po. for 3 days);
ā for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis the drug of choice is coamoxiclav (2Ć1.0 g po. for 10ā14 days), and as alternative therapy the 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporins for 10ā14 days, and ciprofloxacin (2Ć500 mg po. for 7ā10 days),
ā for complicated UTIs in women the drug of choice is coamoxiclav (2Ć1.0 g po. for 10ā14 days) and the alternative therapy is ceftibuten, that is ciprofloxacin (2Ć500 mg po. for 7ā10 days);
ā for acute UTIs in men who have systemic symptoms, the drug of choice is ciprofloxacin (2Ć500 mg po. for 2 weeks), and alternative therapy is co-amoxiclav (2Ć1.0 g po. for 14 days) or ceftriaxone for 14 days;
ā for UTIs in men with complaints that correspond to chronic bacterial prostatitis the drug of choice is ciprofloxacin (2Ć500 mg po. for 4 weeks), and alternative therapies are trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole or ceftibuten;
ā for UTIs in pregnant women, according to clinical syndromes, duration of pregnancy and antibiogram of the causative pathogen, the following 7ā14 day therapy is recommended: ceftibuten,
co-amoxiclav, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin or fosfomycin
INFECTIONS DURING THE FIRST POSTTRANSPLANT YEAR ā EXPERIENCE AT Å IBENIK GENERAL HOSPITAL
Infektivne komplikacije su veliki rizik za primatelje bubrega i odgovorne su za znaÄajan morbiditet i mortalitet, u prvom redu zbog posttransplantacijske imunosupresije. Cilj rada bio je prikazati uÄestalost i vrstu infektivnih komplikacija u primatelja bubrega tijekom prve godine nakon transplantacije. Retrospektivn smo analizirali dijagnostiku i lijeÄenje infektivnih komplikacija u primatelja bubrega koji su bili u skrbi NefroloÅ”kog odjela OpÄe bolnice Å ibenik u razdoblju 2004.ā2012. godine. Bilježena je pojavnost infekcija mokraÄnog sustava (asimptomatske bakterijurije, akutnog pijelonefritisa, urosepse), donjeg diÅ”nog sustava (pneumonije), infekcija citomegalovirusom, poliomavirusima (BK virus, JC virus), Epstein-Barrovim virusom (EBV) i varicela zoster virusom (VZV). UÄestalost i vrstu infektivnih komplikacija promatrali smo s obzirom na jednogodiÅ”nje i trogodiÅ”nje preživljenje presatka i primatelja. Posebno smo se osvrnuli na ishod bolesnika s transplantatom s kroniÄnom infekcijom HCV-om. Rezultate smo obradili deskriptivnom statistikom. U promatranom razdoblju praÄeno je 36 bolesnika s transplantatom od kojih 22 muÅ”karca i 14 žena, životne dobi u trenutku transplantacije 19ā73 godine. NajÄeÅ”Äa infektivna komplikacija u 25 (69 %) bolesnika bila je infekcija mokraÄnog sustava od kojih je 17 (68 %) imalo jedan ili viÅ”e recidiva. NajÄeÅ”Äi kliniÄki oblik bio je akutni pijelonefritis (14/25), a najÄeÅ”Äi uzroÄnici E. coli i Klebsiella pneumoniae (u po 12/25 sluÄajeva) od Äega se u 4/12 sluÄajeva radilo o soju koji luÄi beta-laktamaze proÅ”irenog spektra. Pneumonija je registrirana u 4 (11 %) bolesnika s transplantatom od kojih jedna uzrokovana CMV-om, dok su ostale bile bakterijske etiologije. Infekcija CMV-om i BK virusom javila se u po 6 (17 %) bolesnika, dok je infekciju VZV-om razvilo 4 (11 %) bolesnika. U jednog bolesnika s meningoencefalitisom dokazana je infekcija EBV-om; isti je bolesnik osim uroinfekcije imao pneumonitis uzrokovan CMV-om te akutno odbacivanje transplantiranog organa. TrogodiÅ”nje preživljenje presatka iznosilo je 100 % u bolesnika bez infekcije mokraÄnog sustava, a 96 % u bolesnika s infekcijom u prvoj godini nakon transplantacije.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and type of infective complications in kidney recipients during the first year after transplantation. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data on the diagnosis and treatment of infective complications in 36 patients transplanted from 2004 until September 2012 (22 men and 14 women), age at the time of transplantation 19-73 years. We recorded the incidence of urinary tract infections, clinical variants (asymptomatic bacteriuria, acute pyelonephritis, sepsis) and etiology, i.e. causes, pneumonia, viral infections and cytomegalovirus infections (CMV) (with special reference to the use or no use of prophylactic valganciclovir), polyoma virus infection, BKV, JC, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes zoster virus. Results: The most common infective complication, uroinfection, was recorded in 69% of patients, of which 68% had one or more relapses. The most common clinical form of the infection was acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (of which 4 cases of ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae). Pneumonia occurred in 4 transplant patients, one CMV pneumonia, other of bacterial origin. CMV infection and BKV occurred in 17% and herpes zoster infection in 11% of patients. One patient was diagnosed with EBV meningoencephalitis. One-year graft survival was 100% in patients without urinary tract infections in the first year after transplantation (31% of all patients) and 96% in patients with infections (69% of all patients).Three-year graft survival rate was 100% in patients without infection and 96% in patients with infections in the first year after transplantation. One- and three-year graft survival in patients with chronic hepatitis C was 100%. It was a small group of patients (5/36, 14%); the incidence of urinary tract infections amounted to 60%, and of CMV and BK virus to 20%
ISKRA GUIDELINES ON DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT OF PROSTATITIS ā CROATIAN NATIONAL GUIDELINES
Smjernice se odnose na klasifikaciju, dijagnostiku i lijeÄenje sindroma prostatitisa. Njihov su cilj standardizacija, izjednaÄavanje i optimalizacija dijagnostike, lijeÄenja i praÄenja bolesnika s prostatitisom koji Äe dovesti do poboljÅ”anja kvalitete zdravstvene zaÅ”tite ovih bolesnika te promovirati racionalnu potroÅ”nju antibiotika. Namijenjene su ponajprije lijeÄnicima opÄe prakse i specijalistima koji rade u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaÅ”titi i bolnicama. Ministarstvo zdravstva Republike Hrvatske (RH) imenovalo je Älanove Radne grupe za izradu smjernica namijenjenih dijagnostici i lijeÄenju prostatitisa. Smjernice se temelje na dokazima iz sistematski pregledane literature, na lokalnim podacima o osjetljivosti bakterija na antibiotike, na postojeÄim kliniÄkim protokolima za dijagnostiku i lijeÄenje prostatitisa, kao i prijedlozima i komentarima kolega lijeÄnika. One su putem teÄajeva trajne edukacije Å”iroko predstavljene lijeÄnicima obiteljske medicine te specijalistima koji rade u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaÅ”titi i bolnicama ā urolozima, infektolozima, mikrobiolozima i nefrolozima. ZavrÅ”nu verziju smjernica pregledali su i prihvatili Älanovi Interdisciplinarne sekcije za kontrolu rezistencije na antibiotike. U smjernicama su predstavljene kliniÄke upute radi standardizacije postupaka i kriterija za postavljanje dijagnoze i lijeÄenje bolesnika s prostatitisom u RH.These guidelines refer to classification, diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis syndrome. The aim of these guidelines is the standardization, harmonization and optimization of diagnostics, treatment and monitoring of patients with prostatitis that would lead to improved quality of health care for these patients and promote rational use of antibiotics. The guidelines are primarily intended for general practitioners and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals. The members of the Working Group (WG) for the development of guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis were appointed by the Croatian Ministry of Health. The evidence for these guidelines was identified by systematic review of the literature, local antibiotic resistance data, existing clinical protocols for diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis, as well as suggestions and comments from colleagues physicians. Through continuing medical education courses, the guidelines were widely presented to family medicine physicians and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals ā urologists, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists and nephrologists. The final version of the guidelines was reviewed and approved by members of the Intersectoral Coordination Mechanism for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance (ISKRA). These guidelines also present clinical instructions aimed at standardizing the procedures and criteria for diagnosis and treatment of patients with prostatitis in Croatia
Smjernice ISKRA za dijagnostiku i lijeÄenje prostatitisa ā hrvatske nacionalne smjernice [ISKRA guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis ā croatian national guidelines]
These guidelines refer to classification, diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis syndrome. The aim of these guidelines is the standardization, harmonization and optimization of diagnostics, treatment and monitoring of patients with prostatitis that would lead to improved quality of health care for these patients and promote rational use of antibiotics. The guidelines are primarily intended for general practitioners and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals. The members of the Working Group (WG) for the development of guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis were appointed by the Croatian Ministry of Health. The evidence for these guidelines was identified by systematic review of the literature, local antibiotic resistance data, existing clinical protocols for diagnostics and treatment of prostatitis, as well as suggestions and comments from colleagues physicians. Through continuing medical education courses, the guidelines were widely presented to family medicine physicians and specialists working in primary health care and hospitals ā urologists, infectious disease specialists, microbiologists and nephrologists. The final version of the guidelines was reviewed and approved by members of the Intersectoral Coordination Mechanism for the Control of Antimicrobial Resistance (ISKRA). These guidelines also present clinical instructions aimed at standardizing the procedures and criteria for diagnosis and treatment of patients with prostatitis in Croatia