Couples\u27 Fertility Intentions: Measurement, Correlates, and Implications for Parent and Child Well-Being

Unintended childbearing has emerged as a major social problem in the United States. In response, a wealth of research has emerged spanning topics ranging from union formation and dissolution to parenting, and maternal and child well-being. Although the field has taken great strides in advancing research on retrospective reports of unintended childbearing—usually focusing on its correlates and implications—the majority of this research focuses on mothers’ perspectives, largely ignoring fathers and couples. Drawing on a family systems framework, I assert fertility intentions should be modeled as a couple-level construct, as mothers’ and fathers’ intentions are likely enmeshed into joint, couple intentions to provide a more nuanced understanding of unintended childbearing that acknowledges both parents’ intentions. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), I conducted three sets of analyses that make notable contributions to current research on unintended fertility. The first assesses the validity of mothers’ proxy reports of fathers’ intentions, weighing the costs and benefits of incorporating men’s perspectives, and it considers what sociodemographic characteristics are associated with couples’ intentions (i.e. both intended; only mother intended; only father intended; and neither intended). Next, I consider the linkages between couples’ unintended childbearing and parents’ mental and physical health – examining gender differences (or similarities) and considering changes in the linkage between couples’ intentions and well-being over time. Finally, I examine the effects of couples’ intentions on child well-being partitioning out direct and indirect effects via parental well-being, investment and the co-parental relationship dynamic. Results from all three chapters demonstrate consideration of couples’ intentions provides a more nuanced understanding of unintended childbearing and its linkages with well-being. Key findings are situated around implications for both practice and research

The Changing Face of Teenage Parenthood in the United States: Evidence from NLSY79 and NLSY97

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Background: Previous studies identify consistent patterns of economically disadvantaged backgrounds, educational deficits, and relatively weak labor market outcomes of teen parents. Objective: In this study, we provide an updated report on differences in adult cohabitation rates during past decades, examine the risk factors associated with becoming a teen parent, and track teen parents’ educational and labor market outcomes until the age of 29 to examine whether the outcomes associated with become teen parents have changed in recent decades. Methods: We select two nationally representative birth cohorts in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1979 and 1997 (N = 9821). We use the difference-in-difference approach to examine whether the positions of teen parents have progressed or worsened across the two cohorts. Conclusion: The birth rates to teenage girls remained unchanged across the two cohorts, but the reported rates of teenage fatherhood increased. The proportions of both unmarried teenage fathers and mothers increased between the two cohorts. Teen fathers and mothers came increasingly from single-mother families with disadvantaged backgrounds. The proportion of teen mothers or fathers living with partners has not changed, but there has been a major shift from marriage to non-marital cohabitation. The education and earnings of the 1997 cohort of teen parents showed some progress relative to the earlier teen parent cohort, but no progress relative to peers who were not teen parents