Reliability and Validity of the KIPPPI: An Early Detection Tool for Psychosocial Problems in Toddlers

Background: The KIPPPI (Brief Instrument Psychological and Pedagogical Problem Inventory) is a Dutch questionnaire that measures psychosocial and pedagogical problems in 2-year olds and consists of a KIPPPI Total score, Wellbeing scale, Competence scale, and Autonomy scale. This study examined the reliability, validity, screening accuracy and clinical application of the KIPPPI. Methods: Parents of 5959 2-year-old children in the Rotterdam area, the Netherlands, were invited to participate in the study. Parents of 3164 children (53.1% of all invited parents) completed the questionnaire. The internal consistency was evaluated and in subsamples the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity with regard to the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL). Discriminative validity was evaluated by comparing scores of parents who worried about their child's upbringing and parent's that did not. Screening accuracy of the KIPPPI was evaluated against the CBCL by calculating the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The clinical application was evaluated by the relation between KIPPPI scores and the clinical decision made by the child health professionals. Results: Psychometric properties of the KIPPPI Total score, Wellbeing scale, Competence scale and Autonomy scale were respectively: Cronbach's alphas: 0.88, 0.86, 0.83, 0.58. Test-rete

A NEW MODEL FOR THE THERMAL X-RAY COMPOSITES AND THE PROTON ORIGIN γ-RAYS FROM SUPERNOVA REMNANTS

Abstract Recent nonthermal X-ray and γ-ray observations, attributed to electron emission processes, for the first time give an experimental confirmation that electrons are accelerated on SNR shocks up to the energy ∼ 10 14 eV. We have no direct observational confirmations about proton acceleration by SNR. Different models of γ-emission from SNRs predict different emission mechanisms as dominating. Only π o decays created in proton-nucleon interactions allow us to look inside the CR nuclear component acceleration processes. A new model for the thermal X-ray composites strongly suggest that thermal X-ray peak inside the radio shell of SNR tells us about entering of one part of SNR shock into a denser medium compared with other parts of the shell. This makes a TXCs promising sites for γ-ray generation via π o decays. Detailed consideration of SNR-cloud interaction allows to increase an expected proton induced γ-ray flux from SNR at least on an order of magnitude, that allows to adjust the theoretical π o decay γ-luminosities with observed fluxes at least for a few SNRs even for low density (no ∼ 10 1 ÷ 10 2 cm −3) cloud.