Distribution of (a) antibiotics, NSAIDs, other pharmaceuticals (clofibric acid, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil), personal care products, illicit drugs, and (b) caffeine in all samples of the water systems.

<p>Distribution of (a) antibiotics, NSAIDs, other pharmaceuticals (clofibric acid, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil), personal care products, illicit drugs, and (b) caffeine in all samples of the water systems.</p

Human-EC concentrations versus antibiotic concentrations in two sampling campaigns in different water systems.

<p>Human-EC concentrations include the concentrations of NSAIDs, other pharmaceuticals (clofibric acid, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil), personal care products, and illicit drugs. Antibiotic concentrations are the sum of sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin-H2O concentrations.</p

Location of the water systems and sampling points in southern Taiwan.

<p>Sites G1-G8 are located on the Gaoping River. Sites L1-L10 are on the Love River. Sites H1-H4 are on the Houjin River and sites D1-D4 are on the Dianbao River.</p

Detailed description and coordinates of the sampling sites in the water systems.

<p>Detailed description and coordinates of the sampling sites in the water systems.</p

Concentration ranges of emerging contaminants in the water systems in two sampling campaigns.

<p>The solid bar makes the median. The box denotes the 0.25 and 0.75 percentiles. The whiskers mark the last value within a range of 1.5 times the 0.25 and 0.75 percentiles. Outliers are marked by dots. The values at the x-axis show the detection frequency.</p

Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the water systems in two sampling campaigns, and the compositional patterns of ECs in representative clusters.

<p>The error bars represent one standard deviation of the concentrations of each compound of the relevant cluster.</p

Source contributions based on principal component analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR).

<p>FS₁: domestic impact; FS₂: antibiotics application; FS₃: drug abuse.</p

Prevalence of <i>F</i>. <i>hepatica</i> estimated by cELISA in red deer culled during the 2012–13 and 2013–14 stalking seasons in relation to: (A) Month (mature animals only; n_male = 325; n_female = 241; n_total = 566); and (B) Age group (n_male = 485; n_female = 472; n_total = 957).

<p>Significant differences at the 5% level (calculated using Tukey Contrasts in the {glht} function in R) are shown by compact letter descriptors; months/ages sharing a letter did not have significantly different prevalences. For clarity, data for two male calves (one positive in 2012; one negative in 2013) are not illustrated in (B), but were included in the statistical analyses.</p

Scatter plots comparing results of FEC and a commercial cELISA (Bio X, Belgium) for <i>F</i>. <i>hepatica</i> infection in faecal samples that were collected from wild Scottish red deer between 2012 and 2014 (n = 353).

<p>Assays were carried out on samples that had been stored in two ways: (A) fresh (unfrozen) from the time of collection until time of testing (n = 146), and (B) frozen immediately after being collected from culled deer (n = 207). For the FEC test, results are recorded in eggs per gram of faeces (epg). For the cELISA, results are expressed in ELISA units (EU). Positive diagnosis by the cELISA was recorded for samples where results fell above a cut off derived using a positive reference standard.</p

FE and cELISA estimated prevalence of <i>F</i>. <i>hepatica</i> infection (percentage of specific cohorts infected by sex (male, m; female, f) and sample storage method).

<p>Cohorts were from nine wild red deer populations during two stalking seasons (2012–13 and 2013–14); cohort sample sizes are shown next to each point. See <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162420#pone.0162420.s005" target="_blank">S2 Table</a> for details of sampling sites and seasons to which these data relate.</p