Habitat use versus availability within adult male long-tailed bat home ranges pre-harvest (<i>n</i> = 5).

<p>Habitat availability is calculated as the habitat composition of the entire study area. Age classes include planted trees of <i>Pinus radiata</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> spp. The proportion of each habitat that is used is expressed as the proportion of night-time locations bats were radiotracked to. Symbols +/−/n.s. indicate whether habitat types were selected/avoided/used in proportion to their availability, respectively.</p

Habitat use versus availability within adult male long-tailed bat home ranges post-harvest (<i>n</i> = 4).

<p>Habitat availability is calculated as the habitat composition of the entire study area. Age classes include planted trees of <i>Pinus radiata</i>, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> and <i>Eucalyptus</i> spp. The proportion of each habitat that is used is expressed as the proportion of night-time locations bats were radiotracked to. Symbols +/−/n.s. indicate whether habitat types were selected/avoided/used in proportion to their availability, respectively. Open unplanted habitat is abbreviated as Open.</p

Overview of the kiwi basilar papilla.

<p>A: Surface view of the basilar papilla obtained from scanning electron microscopy. The tiny white dots represent individual hair-cell bundles. B: Cross section of the kiwi cochlea approximately half way along the basilar papilla. Key structures are labelled.</p

Prediction of basilar-papilla frequency map derived from hair-bundle morphology.

<p>A–C: Known frequency representations along the basilar papilla of the emu (A), chicken (B) and barn owl (C) compared to the variation in morphological factor (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a>). Frequency maps were plotted using the equations of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Kppl3" target="_blank">[14]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Chen1" target="_blank">[63]</a> and an improved polynomial fit to the data of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Kppl2" target="_blank">[13]</a>; they are shown in black, referring to the right ordinates. Stereovillar height and number for neurally-located hair cells were taken from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Fischer1" target="_blank">[7]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Manley2" target="_blank">[11]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Kppl1" target="_blank">[12]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Tilney2" target="_blank">[64]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Fischer2" target="_blank">[65]</a> and the morphological factor derived from those is shown in gray, referring to the left ordinates. Note that the morphological factor correlates well with the species-specific shape of the frequency maps. D: Morphological factor and a prediction for the frequency distribution in the kiwi. The prediction is based on a linear regression of frequency as a function of morphological factor for the pooled data from emu (circles), chicken (triangles) and barn owl (diamonds), shown in the inset.</p

Number of stereovilli in mechanosensory hair-cell bundles increased nearly linearly along the basilar papilla.

<p>A, B: Two examples of SEM micrographs of hair bundles located at 10% from the apical end, neurally (A) and at 90%, abneurally (B). C: Boxplot of stereovillar numbers as a function of papillar position. For each longitudinal position, 3 different values are shown for hair cells located at the neural edge, near the midline and at the abneural edge, respectively.</p

Spectrograms of typical male and female kiwi vocalisations.

<p>The entire calls are shown to the left and an enlargement of one component of the calls with a power slice of the area indicated by the yellow line to the right. For details regarding recording and analysis methods see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023771#pone.0023771-Corfield2" target="_blank">[54]</a>. Briefly, spectrograms and power spectra were produced with a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) size of 1,024 points using a Hamming window and 50% overlap, which produced a frequency resolution of 56 Hz.</p

The front leg tibia showing the tympanum membrane with the lipid channel (highlighted in yellow) running from the top of the tympanum to the bottom of the tibia along the dorsal side of the leg.

<p>The front leg tibia showing the tympanum membrane with the lipid channel (highlighted in yellow) running from the top of the tympanum to the bottom of the tibia along the dorsal side of the leg.</p

The structure and placement of the olivarius organ in relation to the known auditory organs.

<p>(A) Cross sections (5 µm) showing a proximal view (1), middle view (2) and distal view (3) of the olivarius stained with Toluidine blue. Arrows point to blue lines corresponding to location of the section on the model. Scale 100 µm. (B) A 3D reconstruction from 519 cross sections, 5 µm thick constructed in Amira, shows the placement and size of the olivarius (O) is shown in yellow in relation to known auditory structures; the crista acustica (CA in blue) and associated sensilla (not modeled, the presentation is represented by the black line running down the centre of the CA), tympanal membranes (TM in orange), trachea (grey) and intermediate organ (IO in red). The subgenual organ, which sits proximal to the intermediate organ, is not revealed. The length of the model is approximately 2.5 mm. (C) A female <i>Hemideina thoracica</i>, the blue box boarders the location of the auditory structures (the white tympanal membranes can be seen) and the area model in the 3D reconstruction.</p

Visual processing areas of the brains of four species of birds.

<p>Ventral and dorsal views of the brains of a, Emu (diurnal, flightless); b, Kiwi (nocturnal, flightless); c, Barn Owl (nocturnal, flying), and d, Pigeon (diurnal, flying). OT: optic tectum; ON: optic nerve ; OB; olfactory bulb (which actually consists of a cortical-like sheet in the adult kiwi – see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000198#pone-0000198-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6b</a>); V: vallecula. Note the reduced diameter of the optic nerve in Kiwi compared with that in the three other species (see text for actual measurements). In the dorsal view of Kiwi, note the caudal extension of the large telencephalic hemispheres, which completely hide the underlying midbrain. Note also in Kiwi that there is no obvious bulge on the dorsum of the hemisphere that identifies the Wulst in species such as Barn Owl and Emu. Scale bars: Emu, 1 cm; Kiwi, Barn Owl and Pigeon: 0.5 cm.</p

Organisation of the forebrain of the Kiwi.

<p>Series of coronal sections through the forebrain of the Kiwi (top rostral, bottom caudal). Left hemisections show the regional demarcation that results from CR-LI. APH: Parahippocampal area; Bas: Nucleus basorostralis; CA: Anterior commissure; E: Entopallium; HA: Hyperpallium apicale; M: Mesopallium; MSt; Medial Striatum; N: Nidopallium; OB: olfactory ‘bulb’; St: Striatum; H: Hippocampus; Ov: Nucleus ovoidalis; SRt: Nucleus subrotundus; v: ventricle. Scale bar: 2 mm.</p