Flowchart of participants throughout the 16 wk diet and exercise intervention and in the subsequent analysis of high (HiRes) and low (LoRes) responders to the intervention.

<p>HDPHC, high dairy protein moderate fat; HDPMC, high dairy protein moderate fat; CON, control. Compliance was to the diet and/or the exercise training.</p

Selected target mRNAs of microRNAs showing altered expression patterns (P<0.05) between high and low responders pre and post energy-restricted diet and exercise intervention.

<p>Target mRNAs have been previously implicated in substrate (fat) metabolism, obesity, diabetes and exercise adaptation responses.</p

Plasma c-miRNA abundance at baseline (pre-intervention) and the relative fold change in abundance after a 16 wk diet and exercise intervention in low and high responders for weight loss.

<p>Plasma c-miRNA abundance at baseline (pre-intervention) and the relative fold change in abundance after a 16 wk diet and exercise intervention in low and high responders for weight loss.</p

Correlation between the fold change in muscle AR protein content and changes in skeletal muscle fibre area following 16 weeks of resistance training.

<p>r = 0.60, P=0.003.</p

Physical function and aerobic fitness assessments.

<p>Physical function and aerobic fitness assessments.</p

Plasma c-miR abundance prior to and after a 16 week diet and exercise weight loss intervention for high responders (HiRes, <i>n</i> = 22) and low responders (LoRes, <i>n</i> = 18) A: c-miR-140, B: c-miR-221; C: c-miR-223, and D: c-miR-935; data are mean ± SD; P<0.05: ‡ difference pre vs post, * difference HiRes vs LoRes.

<p>Plasma c-miR abundance prior to and after a 16 week diet and exercise weight loss intervention for high responders (HiRes, <i>n</i> = 22) and low responders (LoRes, <i>n</i> = 18) A: c-miR-140, B: c-miR-221; C: c-miR-223, and D: c-miR-935; data are mean ± SD; P<0.05: ‡ difference pre vs post, * difference HiRes vs LoRes.</p

Participant characteristics measured pre and post intervention of High (HiRes) and low (LoRes) responders to the 16 week diet and exercise intervention.

<p>Participant characteristics measured pre and post intervention of High (HiRes) and low (LoRes) responders to the 16 week diet and exercise intervention.</p

Short-term unilateral leg immobilization alters peripheral but not central arterial structure and function in healthy young humans

Short-term leg immobilization is an acute model of inactivity, which induces vascular deconditioning. The present study was conducted to determine if short-term unilateral leg immobilization induced alterations in central and peripheral conduit artery structure (diameter and compliance),function (resting blood flow and mean wall shear rate) and peripheral flow mediated dilation. Healthy participants (n=7 women and n=8 men) were studied before and after 12 days of unilateral leg immobilization. Carotid artery structure and function were unaltered with immobilization indicating that the unilateral immobilization did not have a detectable effect on this representative central artery. In contrast, peripheral measures of arterial structure at the common femoral and popliteal arteries showed significant changes in both the immobilized and non-immobilized limbs and the changes were greater in magnitude in the immobilized limb. Specifically, femoral and popliteal artery compliance and femoral artery diameter were reduced in both the immobilized and the non-immobilized limb (p<0.05) while popliteal artery diameter was reduced only in the immobilized leg. Popliteal artery flow mediated dilation, an indicator of peripheral artery function, was increased in the immobilized limb, which parallels reports in paralyzed limbs of spinal cord injured individuals. The time course of vascular alterations with inactivity likely follows a sequence of adaptations in arterial structure and function reflecting differing initial flow patterns, and arterial wall composition, and diverse hemodynamic stimuli within different blood vessels

Baseline characteristics of participants.

<p>Baseline characteristics of participants.</p

Anthropometric and DXA-derived body composition.

<p>Anthropometric and DXA-derived body composition.</p