Tracking patterns of body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness from childhood to young adulthood: a 12-year prospective cohort study in Slovenia

OBJECTIVE: To examine tracking patterns of body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), height and weight from childhood to young adulthood in a rapidly developing society.DESIGN: Prospective 12-year cohort study of the Slovenian children, born during 1990-1991.SUBJECTS: A subsample of 4 833 Slovenian children from the 1990-1991 national cohort (n = 21 777) who were included in the SLOFIT monitoring system from 1997 to 2008, with complete data at age 7 and 18 y.MEASUREMENTS: Height, weight and TSF were measured at ages 7, 11, 14 and 18 y. The IOTF BMI cutoff points were used to identify overweight and obesity. RESULTS: Height, weight, and BMI at age 18 y were well predicted from childhood and grew more predictable with age, while TSF was not. Obese and overweight children had the greatest risk of becoming overweight or obese young adults, since tracking of overweight and obesity showed that 53.9% of overweight and 77.7% of obese 7-y old males remained overweight or obese at age 18 y in comparison with 32.1% of overweight and 62% of obese 7-y old females. History of obese 18-y olds showed that 40% of males and 48.6% of females had been obese already at age 7 y. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the tracking of BMI from childhood to young adulthood. Overweight or obese Slovenian children are very likely to become overweight or obese adolescents and young adults, which calls for the need of early prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity

The prime spectra of relative stable module categories

For a finite group G and an arbitrary commutative ring R, Broué has placed a Frobenius exact structure on the category of finitely generated RG-modules by taking the exact sequences to be those that split upon restriction to the trivial subgroup. The corresponding stable category is then tensor triangulated. In this paper we examine the case R = S/tn, where S is a discrete valuation ring having uniformising parameter t. We prove that the prime ideal spectrum (in the sense of Balmer) of this ‘relative’ version of the stable module category of RG is a disjoint union of n copies of that for kG, where k is the residue field of S

Zusammenhänge zwischen Intelligenz und motorischen Fähigkeiten

The study analyses the relations between indicatory of motor abilities and fluid intelligence of 1859 girls, aged 10 to 18. To evaluate their motor abilities 26 tests were selected, covering all sub-spaces of motor abilities. To assess fluid intelligence the test TN-20 was selected. The relations between indicators of motor dimensions and fluid intelligence were studied by the multiple regression analysis. The relations between the fluid intelligence indicators and the measurement procedures of evaluating agility, coordination of motion in rhythm, the speed of simple motor tasks, and flexibility are low, but statistically significant for younger subjects. The exercises with complicated motion structure, being new to the subjects, and supposedly to be successfully solved in the shortest possible time or in the optimum rhythm, demand a certain level of fluid intelligence. The capacity of the central nervous system to receive, control, adjust and elaborate different information is in the foreground. The connection with the energy variables at the age of seventeen is surprising, and can be explained by a rational use of technique, which demands the involvement of the mechanism for tonus regulation. The motion performance of the subjects is surveyed and corrected by feedback information, comparing the data from the long term memory. The findings partly enlighten our understanding of the relations between the motor and intellectual development of girls between 10 and 18 years of age.In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen den motorischen Variablen und der Fluidintelligenz bei den 1859 Mädchen im Alter von 10 bis 18 Jahren analysiert. Um ihre motorische Fähigkeiten zu bewerten, wurden 26 Teste ausgewählt, die alle Unterbereiche der Motorik umfassen. Der TN-20 Test wurde zur Bewertung von Fluidintelligenz angewendet. Die Beziehungen zwischen motorischen Dimensionen und der Fluidintelligenz wurden mit Hilfe multipler Regressionsanalyse erforscht. Die Korrelation zwischen der Fluidintelligenz und den Messverfahren zur Bewertung von Gewandtheit, Koordination rhythmischer Bewegung, Schnelligkeit bei den einfachen motorischen Aufgaben und Flexibilität ist niedrig, aber für die jüngeren Mädchen statistisch bedeutend. Die Übungen mit komplizierter Bewegungsstruktur, die für die Geprüften neu waren und die möglichst schnell oder im optimalen Rhythmus von ihnen erfolgreich gelöst werden sollten, fordern ein gewisses Grad der Fluidintelligenz. Im Vordergrund steht die Fähigkeit des Zentralnervensystems, verschiedene Informationen zu empfangen, zu kontrollieren, zu adaptieren und zu verarbeiten. Die Korrelation mit den Energievariablen bei den 17-jährigen ist überraschend und lasst sich als rationale Anwendung von Technik erklären, was den Einschluss der Mechanismen zur Tonusregulation verlangt, Die Ausführung der Bewegungen wurde beaufsichtigt und nach Feedbackinformation korrigiert, die abgespeicherten Gedächtnistagen dabei vergleichend. Die Befunde klaren teilweise unsere Auffassung von den Zusammenhängen motorischer und intellektueller Entwicklung der Mädchen im Alter von 10 bis 18 Jahren auf

Die Analyse der weisen, auf die slowenische grund- und Mittelschüler ihre Sommerferien verbringen

In the research we tried to analyze the way in which primary and secondary school students spend their summer holidays. The study included 1289 boys and girls - the third, fifth and seventh graders of primary school, and 1601 students from all four grades of secondary schools in Slovenia. The subjects for the sample were systematically chosen according to stratification criteria in order to equally cover the whole area of the Republic of Slovenia. The schools were from urban, industrial and rural environments. Secondary schools were of all types. The results showed that Slovenian students do not use their holidays as we might have expected. They waste too much time watching TV and playing with videogames or a computer. They do engage themselves in some sport activities, but time spent on them is too short. Students complained that the school is totally inactive; namely, during the summer holidays it offers hardly any programs for them. The youngsters’ declining attitude towards the useful, active and healthy way of spending their spare time will strongly affect their adulthood lifestyle. A negative approach to the active use of free time, as a personal system of values created in youth, may continue to exist in the future as a bad influence or example for the next generations. Therefore, one of the main roles of the sport education process (during the holidays also) is encouragement of children to participate in sport activities. Children should embrace the idea that sport can make life brighter and richer, and that it can neutralize the negative effects of the contemporary style of living.Diese Studie versucht, die Weisen zu analysieren, auf die die Grund- und Mittelschüler in der Republik Slowenien ihre Sommerferien verbringen. Die Studie umfasste 1289 Mädchen und Jungen der dritten, fünften und siebten Grundschulklassen, sowie 1601 Mittelschüler aus allen vier Klassen. Das Muster wurde systematisch und schichtsgleichmäßig aus allen teilen Sloweniens gewählt. Es wurden Schulen aus der urbanen, industriellen und ruralen Umgebung sowie Mittelschulen jeder Art umfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass slowenische Schüler ihre Sommerferien nicht wie erwartet verbringen. Sie verbringen zu viel Zeit fernsehend oder Computer - und Videospiele spielend. Sie treiben auch Sport, aber sie verbrauchen zu wenig Zeit dazu. Die Schüler vermissen eine aktive Rolle der Schule, die während der Sommerferien fast keine Programme anbietet. Eine negative Stellungnahme der Jugend zur nützlichen, aktiven und gesunden Weise, Freizeit zu verbringen, wird ihre Lebensweise im reifen Alter ernsthaftig beeinflussen, Die Abneigung gegen eine aktive Freizeitgestaltung, die aus dem persönlichen, im Kindheit geformten, Wertsystem erfolgt, wird ein schlechtes Beispiel für eigene Kinder. Deswegen wäre eins der wichtigsten Ziele des Sporterzichungsprozesses auch während der Schulferien, Kinder zu ermuntern, an Spartätigkeiten teilzunehmen. Sie sollten vergewissert werden, da Sport das Leben anschaulicher und reicher machen sowie die negative Wirkung der modernen Lebensweise neutralisieren kann

Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: Background and Implications

Recent estimates suggest that youth spend approximately 80-93% of their working hours in a sedentary state, such as sitting or resting longer than usual (Institute of Medicine, 2013). Schools are conducive of this sedentary behavior and because of that, they have been identified as viable locations for children to be physically active. In order for schools to accommodate the daily physical activity guidelines for youth--60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity--the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has created a whole-of-school approach that aims to promote and achieve physical activity guidelines for youth throughout and beyond the school day. This whole-of-school approach, also known as Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP), is a multi-component behavioral intervention that is typically set forth by the physical education teacher and serves as a framework to increase physical activity in and outside of the classroom. As part of this backgrounder, I will provide an overview of a CSPAP, discuss the inner workings of its components, and supply a brief overview of each of the four contributors for this critical issue.Educatio