IR/LepR^POMC females have reduced ovulation but show normal cycling suppression from fasting.

<p>A. Example of delay in resumption of estrous cycles measured by vaginal cytology taken before, during, and after a 48 hour fast. B. Delay from fast quantified for control (white bars) or IR/LepR^POMC (black bars) mice, n = 9–13 (not significant). Mean ± SEM.</p

IR/LepR^POMC females are hyperglycemic and show hyperglycemia during pregnancy.

<p>A. IR/LepR^POMC female glucose levels under basal conditions (n = 6–7) ** p<0.01. B. Fasted glucose levels in a second cohort of females, before pregnancy and on gestational day 12 and 15 (Black circles are control dams, open triangles are IR/LepR^POMC dams; n = 11–12) * p<0.05, compared with controls at same timepoint; ⁺ p<0.05, compared with pre-pregnancy values of same group. C. Glucose tolerance testing (2 g/kg) performed on day 15–18 of gestation. (Black circles are control dams, open triangles are IR/LepR^POMC dams; n = 6). Mean ± SEM.</p

Serum inflammatory markers are normal in IR/LepR^POMC Females.

<p>Cytokine levels were measured in serum by Bio-Plex cytokine array, n = 4–5. Mean ± SEM.</p><p>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interferon-gamma (INF-γ),</p><p>monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1).</p

IR/LepR^POMC Females have tissue-specific low-grade inflammation.

<p>A. Immunostaining for macrophage marker F4/80 in adipose tissue. F4/80 staining (FITC) was merged with DAPI to identify activated macrophages. B. Adipose tissue F4/80 gene expression. C. Adipose tissue CD11c gene expression. D. Adipose tissue IL-6 gene expression. E. Adipose tissue IL-1β gene expression. F. Ovary IL-6 gene expression. G. Liver IL-1β gene expression. Mean ± SEM, n = 4–5 *  =  p<.05 and **  =  p<.01 compared with controls.</p