The institutional shaping of management: in the tracks of English individualism

Globalisation raises important questions about the shaping of economic action by cultural factors. This article explores the formation of what is seen by some as a prime influence on the formation of British management: individualism. Drawing on a range of historical sources, it argues for a comparative approach. In this case, the primary comparison drawn is between England and Scotland. The contention is that there is a systemic approach to authority in Scotland that can be contrasted to a personal approach in England. An examination of the careers of a number of Scottish pioneers of management suggests the roots of this systemic approach in practices of church governance. Ultimately this systemic approach was to take a secondary role to the personal approach engendered by institutions like the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, but it found more success in the different institutional context of the USA. The complexities of dealing with historical evidence are stressed, as is the value of taking a comparative approach. In this case this indicates a need to take religious practice as seriously as religious belief as a source of transferable practice. The article suggests that management should not be seen as a simple response to economic imperatives, but as shaped by the social and cultural context from which it emerges

A comparison study of the nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the Mississippi, Nelson and Niobrara River basins

It has been hypothesized that the absolute quantities of nitrogen and phosphorous in the Upper Mississippi River Basin are higher than they normally would be without the influence of man's activities and without the presence of navigation pools. The purpose of this study is to support this hypothesis by establishing a set of control values for nitrogen and phosphorous levels

The antiquities of Ayrshire Excerpts from `The Antiquities of Scotland' by Francis Grose

3.60Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:1841.322407(April 1991) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo