Why are Male IQ Scores More Variable?

The male female difference in the variance of quantitative traits including IQ can be accounted for by the observation of the concentration of genes involved in brain development on the X chromosome and by the mechanism of sex determination in mammals. Females have two X chromosomes with one randomly inactivated. Males have a single X chromosome, which results in increased variance. It is shown that these factors are sufficient to account for the observed differences

The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution

The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. Mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods serve as vectors for these viruses. The complete sequences of the +/- 11.7-kb plus-strand RNA genomes of eight alphaviruses have been determined, and partial sequences are known for several others; this has made possible evolutionary comparisons between different alphaviruses as well as comparisons of this group of viruses with other animal and plant viruses. Full-length cDNA clones from which infectious RNA can be recovered have been constructed for four alphaviruses; these clones have facilitated many molecular genetic studies as well as the development of these viruses as expression vectors. From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of virulence and recovery from viral infection have been addressed in a large number of recent papers. The structure of the viruses has been determined to about 2.5 nm, making them the best-characterized enveloped virus to date. Because of the wealth of data that has appeared, these viruses represent a well-characterized system that tell us much about the evolution of RNA viruses, their replication, and their interactions with their hosts. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this group of viruses

Stability of Quadratic Projection Methods

In this paper we discuss the stability of an alternative pollution-free procedure for computing spectra. The main difference with the Galerkin method lies in the fact that it gives rise to a weak approximate problem which is quadratic in the spectral parameter, instead of linear. Previous accounts on this new procedure can be found in Levitin and Shargorodsky (2002) [math.SP/0212087] and Boulton (2006) [math.SP/0503126].Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures. In this updated version we have made a small number of minor correction

Betting on Casinos as a Community Benefit: Analyzing Local News Coverage of the Development of Casino Gaming in Ohio

This research examines news coverage of casino gaming in Ohio in the period 2008-2018. Ohio legalized gambling by popular vote in November 2009 and the state now has four casinos and 7 racinos with VLT gaming. This study will use a framing analysis to look at the way that news coverage portrays casinos with respect to social responsibility and their impact on the local community. With the spread of gambling outside of traditional strongholds such as Las Vegas and Atlantic City, many have debated casinos’ benefit to communities, and some have criticized casinos’ impact on localities. This study will assess how news coverage in five local papers (Cincinnati Enquirer, Columbus, Toledo, Cleveland, Dayton) has framed the introduction of casinos into the state of Ohio. It will also look at the frequency of coverage of casinos in these papers. This research will provide a preliminary look into the news coverage of casinos in order to foreground a future study, which will take a qualitative approach to understanding how reporters cover “local” casinos. It will be the first research study to look specifically at news coverage of casinos outside of traditional gaming locales like Las Vegas and Atlantic City

Why the State Cannot “Abolish Marriage” A Partial Defense of Legal Marriage Based on the Structure of Intimate Duties

Does a liberal state have a legitimate interest in defining the terms of intimate relationships? Recently, several scholars have answered this question “no” and concluded that the state should abolish marriage, along with all other categories of intimate status. While politically infeasible, these proposals offer a powerful thought experiment. In this Article, I use this thought experiment to argue that the law cannot avoid relying on intimate status norms and has legitimate reasons to retain an intimate status like marriage. The argument has three parts. First, even if the law abolished licensed status categories, ordinary doctrines in tort, contract and equity would still tailor rights to the nature of intimate relationships. The law cannot avoid intimate status norms. Second, private law cannot avoid status because intimate relationships involve “imperfect duties.” Imperfect duties may be fulfilled in many ways, which gives intimates discretion to decide how, when and to what extent to act, constrained by subjective commitment to the relationship. Private law can enforce intimate duties only if it replaces the couples’ discretion with status norms and commitment with sanctions. Last, I argue that marital status offers a way to manage the tension created by imperfect intimate rights, permitting couples to retain discretion without abandoning protection. Spouses retain discretion during marriage because the law defers protection of marital rights until divorce, when it can uses equitable divorce rules to protect marital rights and ensure neither spouse benefits unfairly from the suspension of ordinary private law

Catch Shares in Action: British Columbia Integrated Groundfish Program

The British Columbia Integrated Groundfish Program (Integrated Program) is one of the most comprehensive catch share programs in the world. The multi-species program includes over 70 species, 30 of which are managed via quota, and includes all commercial fishermen targeting groundfish, regardless of gear type. The program includes a number of innovative design features such as quota set-asides, which are meant to encourage community development and incentivize positive treatment of crew. Additionally, the program requires 100% individual accountability of all catch and uses an innovative monitoring and catch accounting system to support accountability