MILKABILITY IN HOLSTEIN COWS

The aim of this work was evaluation of milkability in Holstein cows. We collected a total 63 milk flow curves, using electronic mobile milk flow meter – lactocorder. The measuring was carried out in cows from 5 to 305 days in milk. The average milk yield per milking was 15.63 kg, with average milk flow rate 2.84 kg.min-1 and average maximum milk flow rate of 4.49 kg.min-1. The average duration of incline phase was 1.09 min., duration of plateau phase was 1.82. min, and duration of decline phase was 2.26 min. Percentage of bimodal milk flow curves was 52 %, on average. The highest average milk flow rate (3.01 kg.min-1) and the highest average peak milk flow rate (4.96 kg.min-1) were found in cows in second lactation, in comparison with primiparous cows (2.87 kg.min-1, and 4.37 kg.min-1) and cows in another lactation (2.7 kg.min-1, and 4.3 kg.min-1)

DOJITEĽNOSŤ KRÁV HOLŠTAJNSKÉHO PLEMENA

The aim of this work was evaluation of milkability in Holstein cows. We collected a total 63 milk flow curves, using electronic mobile milk flow meter – lactocorder. The measuring was carried out in cows from 5 to 305 days in milk. The average milk yield per milking was 15.63 kg, with average milk flow rate 2.84 kg.min-1 and average maximum milk flow rate of 4.49 kg.min-1. The average duration of incline phase was 1.09 min., duration of plateau phase was 1.82. min, and duration of decline phase was 2.26 min. Percentage of bimodal milk flow curves was 52 %, on average. The highest average milk flow rate (3.01 kg.min-1) and the highest average peak milk flow rate (4.96 kg.min-1) were found in cows in second lactation, in comparison with primiparous cows (2.87 kg.min-1, and 4.37 kg.min-1) and cows in another lactation (2.7 kg.min-1, and 4.3 kg.min-1).V práci sme hodnotili dojiteľnosť kráv holštajnského plemena. S pomocou prístroja lactocorder sme analyzovali celkom 63 kriviek prietoku mlieka. Hodnotenie bolo vykonané v časovom období od 5. do 305. dňa laktácie. Na základe uskutočnenej analýzy sme v hodnotenej populácii kráv zistili priemerný minútový výdojok 2,84 kg.min-1 a priemernú maximálnu rýchlosť toku mlieka pri dojení 4,49 kg.min-1, pri produkcii 15,63 kg mlieka pri dojení. Na základe našich meraní a podrobnej časovej analýzy priebehu dojenia sme zistili priemernú dĺžku vzostupnej fázy 1,09 min., vyrovnanej (plató) fázy 1,82 min a fáza poklesu toku mlieka – zostupná fáza predstavovala 2,26 min. Bimodalita hodnotených kráv dosiahla priemernú úroveň 52 %. Najvyšší priemerný minútový výdoj (3,01 kg.min-1) a najvyšší priemerný maximálny minútový výdoj (4,96 kg.min-1) sme zaznamenali pri kravách na druhej laktácii, v porovnaní s prvôstkami (2.87 kg.min-1, resp. 4.37 kg.min-1) a kravami na tretích a ďalších laktáciách (2.7 kg.min-1, resp. 4.3 kg.min-1)

THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH STATUS IN CALVES WITH SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF HEIFERS AND MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between enteritis and pneumonia during first months of life and subsequent growth and milk production traits of these animals. A total of 1327 calves were followed in this study. Calves were divided to three groups: Group A) healthy calves; Group B) calves that suffered from enteritis one or more times from the birth to 6 mo of age; and Group C) calves that suffered from birth to 6 mo of age from pneumonia. Subsequently all animals were observed at the following age stages: calves, heifers and cows. For all groups (age stages) the weight and daily weight gain in calves (in the breeding period from birth to 6 mo of age), the weight and daily weight gain weight in heifers (in the breeding period from 7 to 25 mo of age) and production parameters of cows in the first lactation (milk in kg, fat in kg and protein in kg) were recorded. Calves in Groups B and C exhibited lower average daily gain (690.40 g, SD = 186.18, N.S. and 636.80 g, SD = 221.19, P < 0.05 respectively) than healthy calves (Group A, 703.91 g, SD = 223.48). Heifers in Group B exhibited increased daily weight gain (830.01, SD = 73.57, N.S.) compared to healthy animals (Group A, 828.31, SD = 89.16). The general hypothesis regarding the negative effect of enteritis (in breeding age animals that suffer from disease) on growth in the Simmental breed has not been confirmed. Heifers that had suffered with pneumonia (Group C) showed significantly lower average daily gain (784.64, SD = 102.96, P < 0.05) than heifers in group A and B. In the evaluation of milk production in the first lactation, average production of 5800 kg per lactation (SD = 3.96) was recorded in Group A cows. Cows in Group B in first lactation produced 5977 kg of milk per lactation on average (SD = 4.31). Cows from Group C in first lactation produced lowest amount of milk during the first lactation period (5674 kg, SD = 3.87), but difference among A, B and C group was not significant

Procjena temeperamenta mliječnih krava odgovorom na novi objekt

The presented study aims to develop on farm test temperament in dairy cattle based on individual differences in behavior during approaching the novel object. The novel object was a red cycling light. Behavior traits (duration of walking and standing at stops) were recorded from the video records as well as numeric modifier (distance of stop). Individual differences in the behavior were evaluated by differences in duration of approaching the novel object. Due to differences in walking speed in the cows the corrected duration of approaching (CDA) was calculated from real duration of approaching the novel object, number of stops and 1st stop distance. A group of 53 tested cows was split into 4 distinctive clusters. Members of cluster 1 had calm type of temperament, cluster had 28 members, median CDA was 28 s (min 11 s, max 53 s). Members of cluster 2 had curious type of temperament, cluster had 14 members, median CDA was 87 s (min 58 s, max 121 s). Members of cluster 3 had vigilant type of temperament, cluster had 9 members, median CDA was 155 s (min 132 s, max 250 s). Members of cluster 4 had fearful type of temperament, and cluster had only 2 members, median CDA was 460 s (min 439 s, max 482 s). Results showed the possibility of on farm temperament type measure by simple test. Testing discovered inappropriate type of temperament in 2 of tested dairy cows with higher risks of problem with habituation to novel objects or during manipulation.Cilj ovog rada je razviti farmski test za procjenu temperamenta farmi u mliječnih goveda na temelju individualnih razlika u ponašanju tijekom pristupanja novom objektu. Novi objekt bilo je crveno biciklističko svjetlo. Iz video zapisa snimljene su osobine ponašanja (trajanje hodanja i stajanja na stajalištima) kao i numerički modifikator (udaljenost zaustavljanja). Individualne razlike u ponašanju procijenjene su razlikama u trajanju približavanja novom objektu. Zbog razlika u brzini hodanja kod krava, korigirano trajanje približavanja (CDA) izračunato je iz stvarnog trajanja približavanja novom objektu, broja zaustavljanja i udaljenosti prvog zaustavljanja. Skupina od 53 testirane krave podijeljena je u 4 različite grupe. Članovi klastera 1 bili su mirnog tipa temperamenta, klaster je imao 28 članova, medijan CDA bio je 28 s (min 11 s, max 53 s). Članovi klastera 2 imali su čudan tip temperamenta, klaster je imao 14 članova, medijan CDA bio je 87 s (min 58 s, max 121 s). Članovi klastera 3 imali su budni tip temperamenta, klaster je imao 9 članova, medijan CDA bio je 155 s (min 132 s, max 250 s). Članovi klastera 4 imali su strašljiv tip temperamenta, a klaster je imao samo 2 člana, medijan CDA bio je 460 s (min 439 s, max 482 s). Rezultati su pokazali mogućnost mjerenja tipa temperamenta na farmi jednostavnim testom. Testiranje je otkrilo neodgovarajući tip temperamenta kod 2 testirane mliječne krave s većim rizikom problema u navikavanju na nove objekte ili tijekom manipulacije

Procjena temeperamenta mliječnih krava odgovorom na novi objekt

The presented study aims to develop on farm test temperament in dairy cattle based on individual differences in behavior during approaching the novel object. The novel object was a red cycling light. Behavior traits (duration of walking and standing at stops) were recorded from the video records as well as numeric modifier (distance of stop). Individual differences in the behavior were evaluated by differences in duration of approaching the novel object. Due to differences in walking speed in the cows the corrected duration of approaching (CDA) was calculated from real duration of approaching the novel object, number of stops and 1st stop distance. A group of 53 tested cows was split into 4 distinctive clusters. Members of cluster 1 had calm type of temperament, cluster had 28 members, median CDA was 28 s (min 11 s, max 53 s). Members of cluster 2 had curious type of temperament, cluster had 14 members, median CDA was 87 s (min 58 s, max 121 s). Members of cluster 3 had vigilant type of temperament, cluster had 9 members, median CDA was 155 s (min 132 s, max 250 s). Members of cluster 4 had fearful type of temperament, and cluster had only 2 members, median CDA was 460 s (min 439 s, max 482 s). Results showed the possibility of on farm temperament type measure by simple test. Testing discovered inappropriate type of temperament in 2 of tested dairy cows with higher risks of problem with habituation to novel objects or during manipulation.Cilj ovog rada je razviti farmski test za procjenu temperamenta farmi u mliječnih goveda na temelju individualnih razlika u ponašanju tijekom pristupanja novom objektu. Novi objekt bilo je crveno biciklističko svjetlo. Iz video zapisa snimljene su osobine ponašanja (trajanje hodanja i stajanja na stajalištima) kao i numerički modifikator (udaljenost zaustavljanja). Individualne razlike u ponašanju procijenjene su razlikama u trajanju približavanja novom objektu. Zbog razlika u brzini hodanja kod krava, korigirano trajanje približavanja (CDA) izračunato je iz stvarnog trajanja približavanja novom objektu, broja zaustavljanja i udaljenosti prvog zaustavljanja. Skupina od 53 testirane krave podijeljena je u 4 različite grupe. Članovi klastera 1 bili su mirnog tipa temperamenta, klaster je imao 28 članova, medijan CDA bio je 28 s (min 11 s, max 53 s). Članovi klastera 2 imali su čudan tip temperamenta, klaster je imao 14 članova, medijan CDA bio je 87 s (min 58 s, max 121 s). Članovi klastera 3 imali su budni tip temperamenta, klaster je imao 9 članova, medijan CDA bio je 155 s (min 132 s, max 250 s). Članovi klastera 4 imali su strašljiv tip temperamenta, a klaster je imao samo 2 člana, medijan CDA bio je 460 s (min 439 s, max 482 s). Rezultati su pokazali mogućnost mjerenja tipa temperamenta na farmi jednostavnim testom. Testiranje je otkrilo neodgovarajući tip temperamenta kod 2 testirane mliječne krave s većim rizikom problema u navikavanju na nove objekte ili tijekom manipulacije

INFLUENCE STRES ON THE TRAINING PROCESS OF THE HORSES

Etological and physiological tests were realized on 48 horses. There were observed following activities: spontaneous kinetic activity, voice display; the elimination behavior (excretion and urination) and motionless standing. The horses were observed in 40 minute periods during the morning hours. The horses were classed into the following groups: EHB+ - crossing more than 220 sq. per 40 min. (high sensitiveness to stress), EHB+/- - crossing 131 - 220 sq. per 40 min. (mean sensitiveness to stress), EHB- - crossing 130 and less sq. per 40 min. (low sensitiveness to stress). After the evaluating of mineral, energetic, lipid, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile of sport horses there were not observed significant differences from the reference values

Influence of estrus on changes of locomotion activity and rumination time in cattle dams

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-15 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.127-130The study is focused on the evaluation of the changes in locomotion activity and rumination time in heifers and dairy cows of Holstein breed during estrus. We analysed the locomotion activity and rumination time using the Heatime RuminAct device on 110 dams (78 dairy cows and 32 heifers). We evaluated a total of 298 estrus cycles during the reference period of 3 days before estrus, 3 days after estrus and on the day of the estrus occurrence. The locomotion of cows was expressed in units of locomotion activity in 24 hours (u.24h-1). Rumination time was expressed in minutes in 24 hours (min.24h-1). Based on the results of the study, we established that during estrus, the locomotion activity of dams increases to 888 u 24 h-1 (P <0.001), which represents an increase of +305 u.24 h-1 (+38%). Rumination time of dams was considerably affected by estrus as well and decreased from 582 min.24 h-1 (1 day before estrus) to 482 min.24-1 in estrus time (-43 min.24 h-1).Key words: cattle dams, estrus, locomotion activity, rumination time, Heatime RuminAct ReferencesAdin, G., et al. (2008). Heat production, eating behaviour and milk yield of lactating cows fed two rations differing in roughage content and digestibility under heat load conditions. Livestock Science, 19, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.012Arney, D.R. & Kitwood, S.E. & Phillips, C.J.C. (1994). The increase in activity during oestrus in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 40, 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90062-0Brehme, U. et al. (2006). ALT pedometer- A new sensor-aided measurement system for improvement in oestrus detection. Research in Agricultural Engineering, 52, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2007.08.014De Silva, A. et al. (1981). Interrelationships with estrus behaviour and conception in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 64, 2409-2418. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82864-0Firk, R. et al. (2002). Systematic effects on activity, milk yield, milk flow rate and electrical conductivity. Archiv fur Tierzucht, 45, 213-222. 10.5194/aab-45-213-2002Forde, N. et al. (2011). Oestrous cycles in Bos taurus cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 124, 163-169. 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.025 Hurnik, J. & King, G. & Robertson, H. (1975). Estrus and related behaviour in postpartum Holstein cows. Applied Animal Ethology, 2, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3762(75)90065-6Lukas, J. & Reneau, J. & Linn, J. (2008). Water intake and dry mater intake changes as a feeding management tool and indicator of health and estrus status in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 91, 3385-3394. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0926Madureira, A.M.L. et al. (2013). Factors affecting expression of estrus of lactating dairy cows using activity monitors. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 600–601. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9672Maltz, E. et al. (1997). The body weight of dairy cows. Introductory study into body weight changes in dairy cows as a management aid. Livest. Prod. Sci. 48, 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00024-9Mičiaková, M. et al. (2018). Several methods of estrus detection in cattle dams: a review. Acta Universitatis Agriculture et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 66, 619-625 10.11118/actaun201866020619Phillips, C.J.C. and Schofield, S.A. (1990). The effects of environment and stage of the oestrous cycle on the behaviour of dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 27, 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(90)90004-WReith, S. and Hoy, S. (2012a). Automatic monitoring of rumination time for oestrus detection in dairy cattle. International Conference of Agricultural Engineering, Valencia, Spain, July 8-12, C0621.Reith, S. and Hoy, S. (2012b). Relationship between daily rumination time and estrus of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 1-2. 10.3168/jds.2012-5316 Reith, S. et al. (2014a). Influence of estrus on dry matter intake, water intake and BW of dairy cows. Animal, 8, 748-753. 10.1017/S1751731114000494 Reith, S. & Brandt, H. & Hoy, S. (2014b). Simultaneous analysis of activity and rumination time, based on collar-mounted sensor technology, of dairy cows over the peri-estrus period. Livestock Science, 170, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.10.013Roelofs, J.B et al. (2005). Pedometer readings for estrus detection and as predictor for time of ovulation in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 64, 1690-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.004Rorie, R.W. & Bilby, T.R. & Lester, T.D. (2002). Application of electronic estrus detection technologies to reproductive management of cattle. Theriogenology, 57, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00663-XSchirmann, K. et al. (2009). Technical note: Validation of a system for monitoring rumination in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 6052-6055. 10.3168/jds.2009-2361Schirmann, K. et al. (2012). Rumination and its relationship to feeding and lying behaviour in Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 3212-3217. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4741Yániz, J.L. et al. (2006). Factors affecting walking activity at estrus during postpartum period and subsequent fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 66, 1943-1950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.05.01

Use of system fleckscore in the evaluation of body conformation in Slovak Spotted dairy cows

Received: 2016-05-18 | Accepted: 2016-05-25 | Available online: 2016-12-22http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.174-176Paper is focused to use of the Fleckscore system for evaluation of main body conformation traits – body frame, musculature, feet& legs and udder in the Slovak Spotted dairy cows in the first lactations (n = 15,779), in the second lactations (n = 2,138) and inthe group of older ones in the third and other lactations (n = 3,694). The score for the main trait body frame have been calculatedby the Fleckscore system from the recorded data. The dairy cows in the first lactations reached average level 76.54 points of bodyframe score, 78.8 points in the second lactations and 72.75 points reached the older dairy cows in the third and others lactations.Based on the results can be stated the Slovak Spotted dairy cows in the first lactations but particularly in the second and the thirdlactations had smaller body frame in comparison with dairy cows of Simmental breed in the first lactations in European countries.It was found increasing the feet & legs conformation average score from 80.25 in the first lactation to 81.02 in older dairy cows inthe third and others lactations. The trait udder average score was 80.09 points for cows in the first lactations, 80.31 points in thesecond and 79.8 points in older cows, by Fleckscore system calculation. The results showed better udder conformation in youngercows of the Slovak Spotted breed, in the first and second lactations, than older dairy cows.Keywords: dairy cows, Slovak Spotted breed, body conformation, FleckscoreReferencesANZENBERGER, H. (2012) Zweitbewertung im neuen System. Rinderzucht Fleckvieh, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28-29.KUČERA, J. (2014) The Europe evaluates simmental cattle by Fleckscore system. Zpravodaj Svazu chovatelů a plemenné knihy českého strakatého skotu, no. 2, pp. 8-9 (in Czech).KUČERA, J. (2014) The Fleckscore make decisions in the Europe. Náš chov, 2014, no. 7, pp.7 (in Czech).LUNTZ, B. and KROGMEIER, D. (2011) 100 Punkte für Fleckvieh. Rinderzucht Fleckvieh, no. 3, pp. 22-24.LUNTZ, B. (2012) Fleckscore auch in Österreich. Rinderzucht Fleckvieh, no. 2, pp.18-19.LUNTZ, B. (2014) Der Weg ist das Ziel. Mit Fleckscore für Bullenmutter wird die Exterieurbewertung verbessert. Rinderuch Fleckvieh, no. 2, pp. 22-23.LUNTZ, B. (2014) Fleckscore weltweit anwendbar, In: Fleckvieh, no. 3, pp.36-37.ONDRÁKOVÁ, M. (2014) Fleckscore proposal for second and third lactations. Zpravodaj chovatelů a plemenné knihy českého strakatého skotu, no. 2, pp.10-12 (in Czech).TANZLER, J. (2014) Lineare Nachzuchtbewertung mit Fleckscore. Fleckviehzucht in Österreich, no. 4, pp. 25-27

VPLYV STRESU NA TRÉNINGOVÝ PROCES KONÍ

Etological and physiological tests were realized on 48 horses. There were observed following activities: spontaneous kinetic activity, voice display; the elimination behavior (excretion and urination) and motionless standing. The horses were observed in 40 minute periods during the morning hours. The horses were classed into the following groups: EHB+ - crossing more than 220 sq. per 40 min. (high sensitiveness to stress), EHB+/- - crossing 131 - 220 sq. per 40 min. (mean sensitiveness to stress), EHB- - crossing 130 and less sq. per 40 min. (low sensitiveness to stress). After the evaluating of mineral, energetic, lipid, nitrogen, and enzymatic profile of sport horses there were not observed significant differences from the reference values.V etologických a fyziologických pokusoch testovaných koní sme sa zameriavali na zistenie procesu habituácie za použitia behaviorálneho open field testu podľa metodiky MEDVECKY, HALO, NOVACKY (1992) a porovnanie zistených výsledkov s výsledkami výkonnosti. Na základe výskytu frekvencie motorickej aktivity v etologických pokusoch sme 48 koní plemena slovenský športový pony kategorizovali do nasledujúcich skupín: EHB+ - s prechodom nad 220 štvorcov za 40 min. (vysoko citlivé na stres); EHB+/- - s prechodom od 131 do 220 štvorcov za 40 min. (stredne citlivé na stres); EHB- - s prechodom do 130 štvorcov za 40 min. (nízko citlivé na stres). Na základe biochemických vyšetrení sme mapovali fyziologický stav sledovaných zvierat počas tréningového procesu v rámci prípravy na skúšky výkonnosti a športovú testáciu. Počas fyziologických pozorovaní sme sa ďalej pokúsili zistiť existenciu vzťahov medzi kategorizáciou testovaných koní na základe excitability do skupín EHB+, EHB+/- a EHB- a vybranými biochemicko-hematologickými ukazovateľmi adaptácie na tréningovú záťaž. Pri posúdení minerálneho, energetického, lipidového, dusíkového a enzymatického profilu športových koní sme nezaznamenali výraznejšie zmeny oproti referenčným normám. Podľa nášho názoru a dosiahnutých výsledkov testované kone záťaž stanovenú tréningovým procesom znášali vyrovnane a nespôsobovala im výraznejšie problémy. Štatisticky významné rozdiely medzi jednotlivými skupinami v závislosti od excitability sme zaznamenali vo frekvencii motorickej aktivity medzi jedincami EHB+ a EHB- (v prospech EHB+), medzi EHB+ a EHB+/- (v prospech EHB+/-) a medzi EHB+/- a EHB- (v prospech jedincov EHB+/-)

Influence of some factors on milk flow and udder health status in two different cattle breeds.

In this study were analyzed average daily milk flow and udder health status (by somatic cell score) in dairy cows. A total of 100 Holstein (H) and 48 Slovak Simmental (SS) cows were investigated. The Holstein cows had average daily milk flow significantly higher by 1.24 kg/min and somatic cell score (SCS) by 0.5 higher than Simmental cows. The factors like breed, parity, rear teat canal length and front teat canal diameter had a significant effect on milk flow but no significant effect on SCS. Thus, these results indicate differences between breeds and parity in milk traits and health status