Alexander Gogun, Stalinskie kommandos, Ukrainskie partizanskie formirovanija 1941‑1944

The Ukrainian partisan movement did not see substantial historical research yet, as Alexander Gogun correctly points out in his 2012 published second Russian edition of his book on partisan warfare in the Ukraine during the Second World War. In Soviet times a sincere treatment of the problematic could not be delivered due to restricted access to archives within the USSR and ideological boundaries. Publications by German and American historians were not restrained by axioms, but because of a b..

Das Brjansker Gebiet unter der Besatzungsherrschaft der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1943

Während des deutsch-sowjetischen Krieges war ab Herbst 1941 das Gebiet um die russische Stadt Brjansk von der Wehrmacht besetzt. Die 2. Panzerarmee verwaltete dieses Territorium über den Kommandanten des rückwärtigen Armeegebietes 532. Wie überall im besetzten Gebiet verübten die Einsatzgruppen des SD zahlreiche Morde und es kam zum Massensterben der Kriegsgefangenen in den Durchgangslagern. Starke, in den ausgedehnten Waldmassiven versteckte sowjetische Partisanenverbände erschwerten die Beherrschung des ausgedehnten Raumes. Aufgrund des Mangels an deutschen Soldaten wurden zahlreiche Bewachungseinheiten aus Einheimischen und Kriegsgefangenen gebildet. Der Kommandeur der Armee Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt ging sogar so weit, einen von der russischen Bevölkerung vollständig selbst verwalteten Bezirk zuzulassen. Kollaboration mit den deutschen Besatzern war ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen, während gleichzeitig in den Wäldern die Partisanen herrschten. Die Sicherungsverbände führten zahlreiche Antipartisanenunternehmen durch, die meist ohne anhaltende Erfolge blieben, aber in deren Verlauf zahlreiche Zivilisten als vermeintliche Partisanen getötet wurden. Obwohl die Besatzungsherrschaft der Wehrmacht in diesem Gebiet von der in Berlin beschlossenen Generallinie der Ausbeutung, Unterdrückung und Vernichtung in vielem abwich, wurde nicht für eine ausreichende Ernährung der Bevölkerung gesorgt. Dem Hunger und dem Partisanenkrieg fielen bis zum Rückzug der Wehrmacht im Herbst 1943 tausende Zivilisten zum Opfer.During the German-Soviet war by autumn 1941 the area around the Russian city Bryansk was occupied by the Wehrmacht. The Second Tank Army administrated this territory through the commander of the backward area of the army 532. Like everywhere in the occupied territories the Einsatzgruppen of the SD committed numerous murders and it came to the widespread deaths of the prisoners of war in the transit camps. Strong Soviet partisan groups hidden in the vast forest massifs complicated the control of the vast area. On account of the lack of German soldiers numerous guarding units from locals and prisoners of war were formed. The commander of the army senior general Rudolf Schmidt went even so far of admitting a district completely administered by Russians themselves. Collaboration with the occupying forces was a widespread phenomenon, while at the same time in the woods the partisans ruled. The guarding troops carried out numerous anti-partisan operations which mostly remained without during success but killed numerous civilians as putative partisans in the course. Although the occupation of the Wehrmacht in this area in many aspects deviated from the in Berlin concluded general line of exploitation, suppression and destruction, it was not provided for a sufficient supply of food for the population. Until the retreat of the Wehrmacht in autumn 1943 thousand of civilians fell victim to hunger and partisan warfare

Optimization of the Pharmacokinetic Profile of [^99mTc]Tc-N₄-Bombesin Derivatives by Modification of the Pharmacophoric Gln-Trp Sequence

Current radiolabeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) ligands usually suffer from high accumulation in GRPR-positive organs (pancreas, stomach), limiting tumor-to-background contrast in the abdomen. In novel N4-bombesin derivatives this was addressed by substitutions at the Gln7-Trp8 site within the MJ9 peptide (H-Pip5-phe6-Gln7-Trp8-Ala9-Val10-Gly11-His12-Sta13-Leu14-NH2) either by homoserine (Hse7), β-(3-benzothienyl) alanine (Bta8) or α-methyl tryptophan (α-Me-Trp8), with the aim of optimizing pharmacokinetics. We prepared and characterized the peptide conjugates 6-carboxy-1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane (N4)-asp-MJ9, N4-asp-[Bta8]MJ9, N4-[Hse7]MJ9 and N4-[α-Me-Trp8]MJ9, and evaluated these compounds in vitro (GRPR affinity via IC50,inverse; internalization; lipophilicity via logD7.4) and in vivo (biodistribution and μSPECT/CT studies at 1 h post injection (p.i.) in PC-3 tumor-bearing CB17-SCID mice). 99mTc-labeling resulted in radiochemical yields (RCYs) > 95%. All 99mTc-labeled MJ9 analogues showed comparable or higher GRPR affinity than the external reference [99mTc]Tc-Demobesin 4. Receptor-bound fractions were noticeably higher than that of the reference. Despite a slightly enhanced lipophilicity, all novel MJ9 derivatives revealed improved in vivo pharmacokinetics compared to the reference. The Bta8-modified ligand revealed the most favorable tumor-to-abdomen contrast at 1 h p.i. Substitutions at the Gln7-Trp8 site within GRPR ligands hold great potential to modify pharmacokinetics for improved imaging