Місто як екзистенційна пастка (на матеріалі сучасної поезії)

Осмислюється специфіка екзистенційно зумовленого сприймання урбаністичного простору в творчості сучасних українських поетів. Окреслюється своєрідне осмислення символів дороги, лабіринту, човна, мосту, що є елементами просторової символіки художнього світу. Стверджується, що урбаністичний простір сприймається сучасними митцями як екзистенцій на пастка, духовно мертвий простір “недоіснування”, вихід з якого потребує духовного зусилля. Ключові слова: хронотоп, топос, екзистенційний, ліричний герой, постмодернізм, символ.Осмысливается специфика экзистенциально преопределенного восприятия урбанистического пространства в творчестве современных украинских поэтов. Анализируется своеобразное осмысление символов дороги, лабиринта, лодки, моста, который является элементами пространственной символики художественного мира. Утверждается, что урбанистическое пространство воспринимается современными художниками как экзистенциальная ловушка, духовно мертвое пространство “недосуществования”, выход из которого требует в духовном усилии. Ключевые слова: хронотоп, топос, экзистенциальный, лирический герой, постмодернизм, символ.A specific is comprehended ekzistenciаl the predefined perception of urbanism space in creation of the modern Ukrainian poets. The original comprehension of symbols of road, labyrinth, boat, bridge which is the elements of spatial symbolism of the artistic world is outlined. It becomes firmly established that urbanism space is perceived modern artists as ekzistencial on trap, spiritually dead ground, an exit from which needs spiritual effort. Keywords: khronotop, topos, ekzistencial, lyric hero, postmodernizm, symbol

Understanding public support for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures over time:Does it wear out?

Background: COVID-19 mitigation measures intend to protect public health, but their adverse psychological, social, and economic effects weaken public support. Less favorable trade-offs may especially weaken support for more restrictive measures. Support for mitigation measures may also differ between population subgroups who experience different benefits and costs, and decrease over time, a phenomenon termed “pandemic fatigue.” Methods: We examined self-reported support for COVID-19 mitigation measures in the Netherlands over 12 consecutives waves of data collection between April 2020 and May 2021 in an open population cohort study. Participants were recruited through community panels of the 25 regional public health services, and through links to the online surveys advertised on social media. The 54,010 unique participants in the cohort study on average participated in 4 waves of data collection. Most participants were female (65%), middle-aged [57% (40–69 years)], highly educated (57%), not living alone (84%), residing in an urban area (60%), and born in the Netherlands (95%). Results: COVID-19 mitigation measures implemented in the Netherlands remained generally well-supported over time [all scores >3 on 5-point scale ranging 1 (low)−5 (high)]. During the whole period studied, support was highest for personal hygiene measures, quarantine and wearing face masks, high but somewhat lower for not shaking hands, testing and self-isolation, and restricting social contacts, and lowest for limiting visitors at home, and not traveling abroad. Women and higher educated people were more supportive of some mitigation measures than men and lower educated people. Older people were more supportive of more restrictive measures than younger people, and support for more socially restrictive measures decreased most over time in higher educated people or in younger people. Conclusions: This study found no support for pandemic fatigue in terms of a gradual decline in support for all mitigation measures in the first year of the pandemic. Rather, findings suggest that support for mitigation measures reflects a balancing of benefits and cost, which may change over time, and differ between measures and population subgroups

Eating by the Norm : The Influence of Social Norms on Young People's Eating Behavior

Humans are social beings. Our identities are, for an important part, shaped by the different groups we belong to. Each social group has its own standards or norms for behavior, based upon what is considered good or correct behavior within that social group. Such socially shared norms are usually not made explicit, but become apparent through observing the behavior of group members and through understanding the expectations they have for how others in their social group should behave. The influence that social norms exert over an individual may be most pronounced in young people, who are still looking to establish their social identity and are especially sensitive to group influences. In the current dissertation, we examined how social norms influence the behavior of young people in the context of eating behavior. More specifically, the focus of this dissertation was to investigate if social norms can be effectively used to promote healthy eating behavior among young people. In five empirical chapters, we reported the findings of a systematic literature review, a large-scale cross-sectional survey, and various experimental studies conducted both in the laboratory and in the field. Results indicated that social norms are associated with young people’s eating behavior, and that intervening in the peer group norms governing eating behavior can affect young people’s food consumption. Several important moderators and boundary conditions were identified. Peer social norms that encourage healthy eating seem to be more effective in promoting healthy eating behavior than peer norms that discourage unhealthy eating were only (inversely) related to healthy eating intentions, but not to actual intake of either healthy or unhealthy foods. Moreover, descriptive peer norms (which indicate the actual behavior of other group members) were found to be more effective in promoting healthy eating in young people than injunctive peer norms (which indicate the behavior that other group members would approve of). The extent to which students feel similar to their fellow students may be a crucial moderator of the impact of peer norm manipulations on eating behavior. Finally, we found that young people to whom a healthy peer social norm was communicated reported higher self-identification as a healthy eater, more positive attitudes toward eating healthily and higher self-efficacy for eating healthily. Self-identification, attitude and self-efficacy partially mediated the effect of the majority norm on participants’ intentions to eat healthily in the near future, suggesting that increases in these variables might be part of the mechanism through which descriptive social norm interventions lead to positive effects on eating behavior. Taken together, the studies in this dissertation indicate that social norms play a substantial role in young people’s eating behavior. Moreover, social norms can be used to promote healthier eating behavior among young people, as long as the moderators and limitations described in this dissertation are taken into account. For example, health promoters should carefully determine the type of social norms they wish to influence, as well as the kind of eating behavior they target with their norm intervention. If such boundary conditions are taken into account, interventions aimed to promoting healthier social norms can be an effective part of a process in which changing norms contribute to healthier eating behavior among young people

Perceiving college peers' alcohol consumption : temporal patterns and individual differences in overestimation

Objective: This study examines temporal patterns and individual differences of overestimation in alcohol norm perception within a social network. Design: Hundred psychology freshmen indicated biweekly during their first semester the drinks they consumed, the perceived average of their peers’ consumption, and with whom they were acquainted. At baseline, trait self-control was assessed. Main outcome: The moderation of alcohol consumption overestimation by time and individual characteristics was explored. Results: Results show that students overestimated alcohol consumption of their acquainted peers by 1.22 drinks (p < .001). For time periods at which peers reported high consumption, overestimation decreased. Additionally, individuals reporting high alcohol consumption (b = −0.25, p < .001) and low self-control (b = 0.27, p = .010) showed higher overestimation. Conclusions: Students overestimate the alcohol consumption of peers not fully accounting for changes in peer-reports. Furthermore, individual differences suggest informational and motivational processes underlying overestimation