A new, nearly complete stem turtle from the Jurassic of South America with implications for turtle evolution

Turtles have been known since the Upper Triassic (210 Myr old); however, fossils recording the first steps of turtle evolution are scarce and often fragmentary. As a consequence, one of the main questions is whether living turtles (Testudines) originated during the Late Triassic (210 Myr old) or during the Middle to Late Jurassic (ca 160 Myr old). The discovery of the new fossil turtle, Condorchelys antiqua gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle to Upper Jurassic (ca 160–146 Myr old) of South America (Patagonia, Argentina), presented here sheds new light on early turtle evolution. An updated cladistic analysis of turtles shows that C. antiqua and other fossil turtles are not crown turtles, but stem turtles. This cladistic analysis also shows that stem turtles were more diverse than previously thought, and that until the Middle to Upper Jurassic there were turtles without the modern jaw closure mechanism

The Mencué Batholith: Permian episodic arc-related magmatism in the western North Patagonian Massif, Argentina

The Mencué Batholith, western North Patagonian Massif, includes three major bodies. The Mencué Granodiorite, Cura Lauquén Granite and La Blancura Syenogranite. There are dikes of granitic and basaltic rocks cutting the above-cited rocks. The Mencué Batholith represents several episodes of magmatism, with ages varying between 294 and 239 Ma. The Mencué Granodiorite and the Cura Lauquén Granite are solid-state deformed and are S-type. They have high-K and normal calc-alkaline affinities. These rocks contain significant quantities of subduction-zone chemical components that decrease towards younger lithofacies. La Blancura Syenogranite lack subduction zone chemical components and represent A-type granite, typical of within-plate magmatism. The partial melting of metapelites could be the process of formation of these bodies. The older lithofacies of the Mencué Batholith, found westernmost, display a stronger deformation, but there is a progressive eastward change to younger and mildly deformed bodies and even non-deformed bodies. We conclude that the evolution of the Mencué Batholith start in the Sakmarian-Roadian (Early Permian) period. At this time, a subduction zone was active to the west and its thermal influence affected sedimentary or metamorphic rocks producing S-type granites During the Wordian and Capitanian, (Middle Permian) periods, the Mencué Batholith was mildly deformed, possibly in the process of the vanishing of the deformation and has a minor subduction chemical signature. Between the Wuchiapingian and Olenekia periods, the alkaline facies of the Mencué Batholith show an absence of deformation and the characteristics of within-plate magmatism. The Early Permian magmatic events in the western North Patagonian Massif are represented by the older bodies of the Mencué Batholith and were produced by subduction in the western margin of the Gondwanan continent. The Late Permian-Early Triassic magmatic events show a noticeable decreasing influence of subduction and an increasing influence of within-plate chemical components.Fil: Gregori, Daniel Alfredo. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra de Geología Argentina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Strazzere, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Barros, Mercedes Virginia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Benedini, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Marcos, Paulo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Kostadinoff, Jose. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Cátedra de Geología Argentina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; Argentin

An integrative physical, mineralogical and ichnological approach to characterize underfilled lake-basins

Lakes are particularly sensitive to environmental fluctuations, which arerecorded in their facies and stratigraphy. Ephemeral lakes reveal their sensi-tivity to palaeoenvironmental changes in the overprinting of the sedimentaryfeatures in every single bed. Tetrapod-track taphonomic-modes and ichno-logical taphonomic-pathways can be used as sensitive indicators of environ-mental conditions of the track-bearing beds during deposition andimprinting. The Middle Triassic Cerro de las Cabras succession (CuyanaBasin, Argentina) provides an excellent opportunity to these environmentalindicators in an underfilled palaeolake. A model of ichnological preservationfor underfilled lake systems is proposed and the role of the ichnology recordin the sequence stratigraphy analysis is evaluated, based on the integrationof tetrapod-track modes, taphonomic-pathways of playa-lake ichnofauna,mineralogy and physical data. Soft-ground suites include those dominatedby invertebrate grazing traces and arthropod locomotion traces (Suite 1), andthose overprinted by horizontal-vertical dwelling burrows with tetrapodtracks preserved in taphonomic modes B and C (Suite 2). The firm-groundsuite (Suite 3) comprises tetrapod-tracks with the best preservation styles(modes A and B) along less abundant invertebrate dwelling and feedingtraces as found in Suite 2. Clay mineralogy (dominated by illite with subor-dinate smectite) suggests low plasticity of the layers, in agreement with low-relief deformation structures observed in tetrapod-track taphonomic-modes.The well-preserved track tetrapod features documented in the Cerro de lasCabras succession, together with the absence of pedogenic disturbance, tram-pling obliterating the footprints, and/or evidence of strong disturbance bywind, desiccation and/or precipitation, supports short periods of exposure ofthe imprinted surface particular to this succession. An integrated multiproxyapproach is proposed to evaluate the evolutionary interpretation and identi-fication of autogenic versus allogenic controls in underfilled lake-basin histo-ries. The observed aggradational-trend suggests an equilibrium between ratesof accommodation change and sediment supply, and that the basin-centredid not experience prolonged sediment-starved conditions.Fil: Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Krapovickas, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; ArgentinaFil: Benavente, Cecilia Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Marsicano, Claudia Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Andinos "Don Pablo Groeber"; Argentin

El más antiguo platyperlidae (insecta, perlida= plecoptera) en depósitos del triásico superior temprano del sur de Sudamérica

The new insect species Platyperla marquati sp. nov. described herein is represented by a nymphal stage and belongs to the Order Perlida (= Plecoptera) Latreille (stoneflies). It comes from the uppermost section of the Potrerillos Formation, which crops out south of Cerro Cacheuta, at the southernmost end of the Precordillera (Mendoza Province, Argentina). The early Late Triassic Potrerillos/Cacheuta sedimentary succession in this area includes fluvial, deltaic and lacustrine facies that reflect deposition in the border of the Cacheuta depocenter of the Cuyo Basin. This is the second complete insect and the first autochthonous aquatic insect from Triassic beds in Argentina, and also the first record of the family Platyperlidae in Gondwana. This finding demonstrates the similarity of aquatic insect faunas in Mesozoic deposits all over the world, at least of the morpho ecological types of the aquatic stages. The lacustrine insect fauna began evolving during the Triassic and became diverse during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Detailed geological studies revealed that levels equivalent to the middle Triassic lower units of the Uspallata Group (Río Mendoza and Cerro de Las Cabras formations) lie exposed on the southeastern flank of Cerro Cacheuta. Therefore, a new geological map and interpretation for this area are also presented.El nuevo insecto aquí descripto, Platyperla marquati sp. nov., está representado por un estadio ninfal y pertenece al Orden Perlida (=Plecoptera) Latreille. Este ejemplar proviene de la sección superior de la Formación Potrerillos, que aflora en el sur del Cerro Cacheuta, en el extremo sur de la Precordillera (Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina). La secuencia sedimentaria Potrerillos/Cacheuta en esta área de edad Triásico Tardío temprano, comprende facies depositadas en ambientes fluvial, deltaico y lacustre en un borde del depocentro Cacheuta de la Cuenca Cuyana. Este es el segundo insecto completo y el primero típicamente acuático hallado en los niveles del Triásico de la Argentina y también el primer registro de la Familia Platyperlidae en Gondwana. El hallazgo demuestra las semejanzas de la fauna de insectos acuáticos durante el Mesozoico a nivel mundial, por lo menos con respecto a los tipos morfo-ecológicos de los sistemas acuáticos pasados. En el Triásico, la fauna de insectos lacustres comienza su evolución llegando a tener un mayor desarrollo durante el Jurásico y Cretácico Inferior. Estudios geológicos detallados han revelado que niveles equivalentes a las unidades inferiores del Grupo Uspallata (formaciones Río Mendoza y Cerro de Las Cabras) afloran en el flanco sureste del Cerro Cacheuta. Por lo tanto se presenta un nuevo mapa e interpretación geológica para esta área.Fil: Gallego, Oscar Florencio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Rebori, Luis O. No especifica;Fil: Zavattieri, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Sinitshenkova, Nina. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; RusiaFil: Lara, Maria Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Martins Neto, Rafael G.. Universidade Estadual Do Ceara; Brasi