The importance of seed bank knowledge for the restoration of coastal plant communities - a case study of salt marshes and dune slacks at the Belgian coast

Knowledge on seed bank density and species composition is crucial for predicting the probability that target species will establish in the plant community on a restored site. A general overview of data available for plant species occurring in coastal plant communities showed that information on seed persistence is up to now very limited. The available data suggest that restoration of coastal plant communities cannot rely on the seed bank, except for annual species of salt marshes, and that the seed bank is to a large extent composed of species of nutrient rich habitats. This was confirmed by two case studies in dune slacks and salt marshes on the Belgian coast. Seed density in dune slacks was found to be relatively high, but the seed bank contained almost exclusively seeds of species of nutrient rich habitats, resulting in a very low similarity ratio between seed bank and vegetation. Germination from the seed bank would rather hamper the establishment of target species because competitive pressure imposed by fast growing species of nutrient rich habitats would increase. In salt marshes, the similarity between seed bank and vegetation was higher, because there is a higher contribution of typical salt marsh species in the seed bank, although not all target species are equally represented. To allow predictions of future species composition on restored sites, seed bank studies should be an essential part of each coastal restoration project

Integrated monitoring of nature restoration along ecotones, the example of the Yser Estuary

Within the framework of LIFE, one of the larger nature restoration projects in Flanders was realized on the right bank of the estuarine part of the Yser. General aim of the initiative was to restore or create beach-dune-salt marsh ecotones with salt-fresh, dynamic-stable, wet-dry and mud-sand ecotones. In order to reach this goal, several large buildings and roads were broken down, an entire tidal dock was restructured and some 500,000m³ of dredging material was removed to restore or create intertidal and coastal dune habitats and their connecting ecotones. Measures were taken to avoid abrupt topographical transitions along potential ecological gradients. It was decided to begin monitoring (2001-2004) from the very start of the restoration process (1999-2003). Monitoring was multidisciplinary and realized in a partnership between several scientific institutes (Ghent University, Catholic University of Louvain, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and Institute of Nature Conservation with facility support of VLIZ). Monitoring included the most relevant abiotic conditions such as sedimentation and erosion, topography and ground water fluctuations, and biological response variables, i.e. flora and vegetation, terrestrial arthropods, benthic macrofauna and birds. It was decided to include two monitoring levels, an area-covering monitoring of the entire nature reserve (ca. 128ha) and a detailed monitoring of changes along transects perpendicular to the main ecological gradients. In this paper we present some results of the first three years of monitoring