Modelo experimental de sutura manual em colon de cão por vídeo-laparoscopia Experimental model of laparoscopic handsewn suture in colon of dogs

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo experimental de endo-sutura manual laparoscópica em cólon destinado principalmente ao treinamento de cirurgiões. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 40 cães mestiços, machos, com peso entre 15 e 20 kg, provenientes do laboratório da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 20 animais cada: GI-secção e hemostasia do colon com bisturi elétrico e GII-secção do colon com tesoura. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos com 10 animais cada, conforme o acesso abdominal utilizado - A-acesso laparotômico e B-laparoscópico. Sob anestesia geral endovenosa, foi realizada incisão transversal no cólon sigmóide, numa extensão de 50% da circunferência, distando 15 cm da reflexão peritoneal, sendo em seguida suturada em plano único, extra-mucoso, com pontos separados de fio de polidioxanona 000 (PDS®). Os animais foram avaliados quanto à evolução clínica, análise macroscópica, teste de tensão da sutura e estudo histológico qualitativo. Foram sacrificados no 7º dia de pós-operatório. Para analise estatística, foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado corrigido de Yates e o teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Todos os animais cuja colotomia foi realizada com tesoura (GIIA IIB) e 9 operados com bísturi elétrico (GI), sendo 5 (50,0%) operados pelo acesso laparotômico (GIA) e 4 (40,0%) pelo laparoscópico (GIB), apresentaram evolução clínica satisfatória, deambulando e aceitando bem a dieta oral a partir do primeiro dia de pós-operatório. A primeira evacuação ocorreu entre 48 a 72 horas de pós-operatório. Não apresentaram diarréia nem vômitos. Onze animais do grupo GI, sendo 5 (50%) do subgrupo IA e 6 (60,0%) do IB não aceitaram bem a dieta oral, apresentando diarréia (3 a 5 evacuações líquidas por dia) e vômitos (1 a 3 episódios por dia) evoluindo para óbito entre o quarto e o sétimo dia do pós-operatório. Comparando os grupos GI com GII, foi observada diferença significante (p<0,005), sem no entanto observar-se diferença quando comparados os subgrupos IA e IB. A sutura permaneceu íntegra em todos (100,0 %) os animais GII e em 5 GI, demonstrando portanto diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,005). Desses, 3 (30,0%) eram do subgrupo IA e 2 (20,0%) do IB. Foi evidenciada sutura bloqueada com epíplon em quatro animais, sendo dois (20%) do subgrupo IA e dois (20%) do IB. Houve deiscência da sutura com peritonite em 11 (55%) animais do grupo I (p<0,005), sendo 5 (50%) do subgrupo IA e 6 (60%) do IB (p>0,005). Todos evoluíram para óbito entre o quarto e o sétimo d.p.o. O teste de tensão da sutura foi realizado com a pressão média de 222,1 mmHg e não ocorreu ruptura do cólon em nenhum dos animais do grupo II e em 5 (40,0% ) do Grupo I (p<0,005). Desses, 3 (30%) eram do subgrupo IA, e 2 (20,0%) do IB (P>0,005). Ocorreu ruptura da sutura em 4 ( 20% ) cães do grupo I, sendo 2 do subgrupo IA e 2 (20%) do IB com pressão média de 94,0 mmHg. A análise histológica das amostras obtidas no 7º d.p.o. demonstrou reprodução das fases do processo inflamação-reparação em ambos acessos utilizados. CONCLUSÃO: A endo-sutura manual laparoscópica em cólon de cães pode ser utilizada com segurança pois apresentou os mesmos resultados do acesso laparotômico. Os resultados dependem especialmente do treinamento adequado do cirurgião em técnicas cirúrgicas laparoscópicas.<br>PURPOSE: Develop an experimental model of laparoscopic hand-sewn suture in colon of dogs to be specially used for surgeons' trainning. METHODS: Forty male dogs were operated on, weight between 15 and 20 kg, from the laboratory of the Veterinary School of the State University of Ceara. They were distributed within two groups with 20 animals each: GI- The colonic wall incision was done with an electrical scapel followed by haemosthasia and GII- The colonic wall incision was performed with a scissors. Each group was shared in two other groups with 10 animals each, according to the abdominal approach used. A- Laparotomic approach and B-Laparoscopic approach. Under intra-venous general anesthesia, a transverse incision was performed envolving 50% of the sigmoid wall, 15cm far from the pelvic peritoneal pouch, followed by an extra-mucosa, one layer and interrupted suture with 000 polidioxanona (PDSâ). The animals were evaluated concerning to the clinical recovery, macroscopic appearance, suture-tension test and histologic study. The animals were sacrified on the 7th postoperative day. Fisher and Qui-square tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All the animals submitted to colotomy performed by scissor (GIIA, GIIB) and nine animals operated on with an electrical scapel (GI), five (50,0%) by laparotomic approach (GIA) and four (40,0%) laparoscopically (GIB) had a satisfactory clinical recovery, walking and accepting oral diet on the first post-operative day. The first bowel movement occurred between 48 and 72 hours. It didn't occur diarrhea or vomits. Eleven animals from group I, five (50%) from group IA and six (60,0%) from group IB didn't accept oral diet and complained of diarrhea (3 to 5 evacuations each day), 1 to 3 episodes of vomits each day and they die between the fourth and seventh postoperative day. Comparing groups GI with GII, a statistical significant difference was observed (p<0,005). There was no difference between GIA and GIB. Colonic sutures were intact in all the animals from group II and in five from group I with statistical significant difference (p<0,005). Three (30,0%) were from group IA and two (20,0%) from group IB. The colonic suture was envolved by epiplon in four animals, two (20%) from GIA and 2 (20%) from GIB. Suture dehiscence with peritonitis occurred in eleven (55%) animals from GI (p<0,005), five (50%) from GIA and six (60%) from GIB (p>0,005). All the animals died between the fourth and seventh postoperative day. The tension suture test was performed with an average pressure of 222,1 mmHg and there was no colonic suture disruption in any animal from the group II and in five (40,0% ) from the group I (p<0,005). Three (30%) animals were from GIA and two (20,0%) from GIB (P>0,005). Colonic suture rupture occurred in four (20% ) dogs from group I, two from GIA and two (20%) from GIB with an average pressure of 94,0 mmHg. The histological analysis of the surgical specimens removed on the 7th postoperative day demonstrated the same level of the inflamatory process in both approach used. CONCLUSION: The handsewn laparoscopic colonic suture in dogs can be safely performed, showing the same results of the laparotomic approach. The surgical results depend specially on the adequate surgeon's trainning in laparoscopic surgical technique

Influence of age, mode of delivery and parity on the prevalence of posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions

CONTEXT: The correlation between vaginal delivery, age and pelvic floor dysfunctions involving obstructed defecation is still a matter of controversy. OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of age, mode of delivery and parity on the prevalence of posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions in women with obstructed defecation syndrome. METHODS: Four hundred sixty-nine females with obstructed defecation syndrome were retrospectively evaluated using dynamic 3D ultrasonography to quantify posterior pelvic floor dysfunctions (rectocele grade II or III, rectal intussusception, paradoxical contraction/non-relaxation of the puborectalis and entero/ sigmoidocele grade III). In addition, sphincter damage was evaluated. Patients were grouped according to age (50y) and stratified by mode of delivery and parity: group I (50y): 251 patients, 60 nulliparous, 148 vaginal delivery and 43 only caesarean section. Additionally, patients were stratified by number of vaginal deliveries: 0 - nulliparous (n = 135), 1 - vaginal (n = 46), >1 - vaginal (n = 166). RESULTS: Rectocele grade II or III, intussusception, rectocele + intussusception and sphincter damage were more prevalent in Group II (P = 0.0432; P = 0.0028; P = 0.0178; P = 0.0001). The stratified groups (nulliparous, vaginal delivery and cesarean) did not differ significantly with regard to rectocele, intussusception or anismus in each age group. Entero/sigmoidocele was more prevalent in the vaginal group 50y. No correlation was found between rectocele and the number of vaginal deliveries. CONCLUSION: Higher age (>50 years) was shown to influence the prevalence of significant rectocele, intussusception and sphincter damage in women. However, delivery mode and parity were not correlated with the prevalence of rectocele, intussusception and anismus in women with obstructed defecation

Management of patients with rectocele, multiple pelvic floor dysfunctions and obstructed defecation syndrome

CONTEXT: Management of patients with obstructed defecation syndrome is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of clinical, clinical treatment followed by biofeedback, and surgical treatment in patients with obstructed defecation, rectocele and multiple dysfunctions evaluated with echodefecography. METHODS: The study included 103 females aged 26-84 years with obstructed defecation, grade-II/III rectocele and multiple dysfunctions on echodefecography. Patients were distributed into three treatment groups and constipation scores were assigned. Group I: 34 (33%) patients with significant improvement of symptoms through clinical management only. Group II: 14 (14%) with improvement through clinical treatment plus biofeedback. Group III: 55 (53%) referred to surgery due to treatment failure. RESULTS: Group I: 20 (59%) patients had grade-II rectocele, 14 (41%) grade-III. Obstructed defecation syndrome was associated with intussusception (41%), mucosal prolapse (41%), anismus (29%), enterocele (9%) or 2 dysfunctions (23%). The average constipation score decreased significantly from 11 to 5. Group II: 11 (79%) grade-II rectocele, 3 (21%) grade-III, associated with intussusception (7%), mucosal prolapse (43%), anismus (71%) or 2 dysfunctions (29%). There was significant decrease in constipation score from 13 to 6. Group III: 8 (15%) grade-II rectocele, 47 (85%) grade-III, associated with intussusception (42%), mucosal prolapse (40%) or 2 dysfunctions (32%). The constipation score remained unchanged despite clinical treatment and biofeedback. Twenty-three underwent surgery had a significantly decrease in constipation score from 12 to 4. The remaining 32 (31%) patients which 22 refused surgery, 6 had low anal pressure and 4 had slow transit. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 50% of patients with obstructed defecation, rectocele and multiple dysfunctions presented a satisfactory response to clinical treatment and/or biofeedback. Surgical repair was mainly required in patients with grade-III rectocele whose constipation scores remained high despite all efforts

Standardization of endometriosis surgery – the coloproctologist's vision

Objective: To demonstrate the standardization of deep endometriosis surgery with intestinal involvement. Methods: Prospective study evaluating 74 women undergoing standardized surgery for deep intestinal endometriosis. Divided into two groups, according to the findings of three-dimensional anorectal ultrasound, Group I with lesions affecting perirectal fat and Group II with lesions affecting at least the muscular layer of the rectum. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in relation to the size of the focus and the distance of the lesion to the puborectalis muscle (p > 0.05). The type of surgery performed was laparoscopy without lesions in one patient (1.35%), disk resection in 13 patients (17.56%), shaving in 45 patients (60.81%), and rectosigmoidectomy in 15 patients (20.27%). The complications were bleeding from the drain with conservative treatment in three patients (4.05%), fistula in two patients submitted to the shaving method (2.70%), and three patients (4.05%) with lower anterior recession syndrome (LARS), with improvement from conservative treatment. Lesions in other organs were also observed during videolaparoscopy. Conclusion: Surgical standardization is important to guide the general/colorectal surgeon in the effective approach of intestinal endometriosis. Resumo: Objetivo: Demonstrar a padronização da cirurgia de endometriose profunda com acometimento intestinal. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo que avaliou 74 mulheres submetidas à cirurgia padronizada para endometriose profunda intestinal. Divididas em dois grupos, segundo os achados da ultrassonografia anorretal tridimensional, o Grupo I com lesões acometendo a gordura perirretal e o Grupo II com lesões acometendo, pelo menos, a camada muscular própria do reto. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos em relação ao tamanho do foco e à distância da lesão ao músculo puborretal (p > 0,05). O tipo de cirurgia realizada foi laparoscopia sem achados da lesão em um paciente (1,35%), ressecção em disco em 13 pacientes (17,56%), Shaving em 45 pacientes (60,81%) e retossigmoidectomia em 15 pacientes (20,27%). As complicações encontradas foram sangramento pelo dreno com tratamento conservador em 3 pacientes (4,05%), fístula em 2 pacientes submetidas ao método de shaving (2,70%), 3 pacientes (4,05%) com Síndrome da Ressecção Anterior do Reto (LARS), com melhora ao tratamento conservador. Lesões em outros órgãos também foram observadas durante a videolaparoscopia. Conclusão: A padronização cirúrgica é importante para orientar o cirurgião geral/colorretal na abordagem eficaz na endometriose intestinal. Keywords: Endometriosis, Ultrasonography, Laparoscopy, Colorectal surgery, Palavras-chave: Endometriose, Ultrassonografia, Laparoscopia, Cirurgia colorreta

Is dynamic two-dimensional anal ultrasonography useful in the assessment of anismus? A comparison with manometry

CONTEXT: Anismus is a prevalent functional cause of outlet delay. It is characterized by symptoms of obstructed defecation associated with paradoxical contraction of the pelvic floor muscles. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of two dimensional anal ultrasonography to identify anismus patients with paradoxical contraction or normal relaxation, comparing findings with manometric measurements. METHODS: Forty-nine women presenting with outlet delay and a mean validated Wexner constipation score of 13.5 were included in a prospective study. Following screening with anal manometry, the patients were assigned to one of two groups: G-I -with normal relaxation and G-II -patients with anismus. Dynamic anorectal ultrasonography was used to quantifier the movement of the puborectalis muscle and to measure changes in the angle between two converging lines drawn from the 3 o'clock and the 9 o'clock positions of the endoprobe circumference to the internal border of the puborectalis muscle. The angle decreases during straining in patients with normal relaxation, but increases in patients with anismus. The agreement between the two techniques was verified with the Kappa index. RESULTS: In manometry, during straining the anal canal pressure decreased by 41.3% in G-I and increased by 168.6% in G-II, indicating a diagnosis of anismus for the second group. In US, during straining, the angle produced by the movement of the puborectalis muscle decreased from 63 ± 1.31 to 58 ± 1.509 degrees (P = 0.0135) in 23 of the 30 patients in G-I, indicating normal relaxation, and increased from 66 ± 0.972 to 72 ± 0.897 degrees (P = 0.0001) in 16 of the 19 patients in G-II, indicating anismus. The index of agreement between manometry and two dimensional anal ultrasonography was moderate: 77% (23/30) for G-I and 84% (16/19) for G-II. CONCLUSION: Two-dimensional dynamic anal ultrasonography showed similar results previously suggested by anal manometry at identifying patients with normal relaxation or paradoxical contraction