Screening in Classrooms for Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: Validation of an Instrument

The purpose of the study was to determine the validity and reliability of a nonverbal learning disability evaluation (NLDE) scale using an instrument intended to screen for nonverbal learning disabilities in classroom settings. Scholars believe that there are at least four distinct subtypes of learning disabilities, each with its own characteristics and interventions. Validity was examined via an ANOVA, discriminant functions analysis, and factor analysis. Reliability was examined via use of Cronbach\u27s alpha ( a = .93). The sampled populations were special education and regular education teachers in North Dakota and 61 of the students they served. The 43 LD students had identified disabilities in learning and represented grade levels from 3-8. The 18 non-LD children were all enrolled at the elementary school level. The results of the ANOVA and Tukey\u27s pairwise comparisons on NLDE composite scores indicated that the three group means (NLD, VLD, and Non-LD children) were significantly different from one another. The results of the canonical discriminant functions analysis indicated that there were two functions (factors) required. Can 1, mostly made up of motor behavior, was needed to separate the NLD group from each of the other two. Can2., mostly behaviors learned in a classroom setting in the areas of language and mathematics, was needed to separate both LD groups from the non-LD group. A factor analysis revealed that the instrument was univariate, deriving only one factor. This factor was correlated with over 80% of the scale items. The DISCRIM analysis correctly classified children into their original a priori groups. Results supported the existence of an NLD subtype, a group of students discriminate from other LD individuals. Further development of the scale is suggested by dropping some items that didn\u27t load on some of the functions or factors and re-evaluating the scale and using a much larger research population. Changes in scale scoring were also suggested

Withholding and Withdrawing Life Support: Moral Dilemmas, Moral Distress, and Moral Residue

This paper argues for the following points. (1) Despite the recent public controversy surrounding the Terri Schiavo case, withholding and withdrawal of life support rarely presents any moral dilemmas. (2) Given this, we ought to turn our attention to how end of life care is done rather than whether it ought to be done. (3) A ‘caring perspective’ is an essential ingredient in end of life care. Unfortunately, as nurses undergo their ‘professionalisation process’, they often lose this caring perspective. Hence, ways must be found to avoid this loss. (4) Assuming success in this enterprise, it is necessary that nurses be integrally engaged in both end of life care and decision making

Telling Patients the Truth

This article discusses the ethical necessity of health care workers telling their patients the truth about both their diagnosis and prognosis. This necessity is based upon respect for persons, utility, and kindness. Within this ethical obligation to tell the truth, however, there are several different ways in which the truth can be told. In particular, this paper stresses that telling patients the truth is best thought of as a process that unfolds over time, and which is driven by what the patient knows and what they want

Some Ethical Issues in Treating and Caring for People with Dementia

This paper explores several issues regarding the treatment and care for patients suffering from dementia, including a discussion of the relatively low time and money spent on dementia research compared to research on cancer and cardio-vascular disease. It will also discuss the special relationship between the person suffering from dementia and their carer, who is often a loved one. The paper employs principlism and so examines these issues from a consideration of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice

Sexual Minority Rights Are Not Just for the West: Health and Safety Considerations in Africa

In a recent article, C.O. Akpan argues that it is “unnatural for a man to sleep with a man as with a woman, and the idea of marriage in this sense is an abomination” (“The morality of same-sex marriage: How not to globalize a cultural anomie,” Online Journal of Health Ethics, 13(1), 2017, p. 9). Arguments in favor of same sex marriage, he claims, are “driven and motivated by the human right fad” (p. 9) that is inappropriate for African countries. We argue that the specific arguments Akpan employs against the morality of homosexuality and same-sex marriage are flawed. Our paper also presents evidence that human rights are not simply a fad, nor are they of concern and appropriate only to the West. Finally, we examine the case in South Africa, the only African nation to include LGBTQ+ rights in its constitution. In particular, we show that by doing so, South Africa has increased the health and safety not only the LGBTQ+ community, but of the nation’s citizens at large

The presence of PHOSPHO1 in matrix vesicles and its developmental expression prior to skeletal mineralization

PHOSPHO1 is a phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase that has previously been implicated in generating inorganic phosphate (Pi) for matrix mineralization. In this study, we have investigated PHOSPHO1 mRNA expression during embryonic development in the chick. Whole-mount in situ hybridization indicated that PHOSPHO1 expression occurred prior to E6.5 and was initially restricted to the bone collar within the mid-shaft of the diaphysis of long bones but by E11.5 expression was observed over the entire length of the diaphysis. Alcian blue/alizarin red staining revealed that PHOSPHO1 expression seen in the primary regions of ossification preceded the deposition of mineral, suggesting that it is involved in the initial events of mineral formation. We isolated MVs from growth plate chondrocytes and confirmed the presence of high levels of PHOSPHO1 by immunoblotting. Expression of PHOSPHO1, like TNAP activity, was found to be up-regulated in MVs isolated from chondrocytes induced to differentiate by the addition of ascorbic acid. This suggests that both enzymes may be regulated by similar mechanisms. These studies provide for the first time direct evidence that PHOSPHO1 is present in MVs, and its developmental expression pattern is consistent with a role in the early stages of matrix mineralization

The Effect of Salsalate Therapy on Endothelial Function in a Broad Range of Subjects

Background: Inflammation is fundamental to the development of atherosclerosis. We examined the effect of anti‐inflammatory doses of salicylate on endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, a biomarker of cardiovascular risk, in a broad range of subjects. Methods and Results: We performed a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial evaluating the effects of 4 weeks of high‐dose salsalate (disalicylate) therapy on endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated and endothelium‐independent vasodilation. Fifty‐eight subjects, including 17 with metabolic syndrome, 13 with atherosclerosis, and 28 healthy controls, were studied. Among all subjects, endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation decreased after salsalate compared with placebo therapy (P=0.01), whereas nitroglycerin‐mediated, endothelium‐independent vasodilation was unchanged (P=0.97). Endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation after salsalate therapy was impaired compared with placebo therapy in subjects with therapeutic salicylate levels (n=31, P0.2). Conclusions: Salsalate therapy, particularly when therapeutic salicylate levels are achieved, impairs endothelium‐dependent vasodilation in a broad range of subjects. These data raise concern about the possible deleterious effects of anti‐inflammatory doses of salsalate on cardiovascular risk. Clinical Trial Registration URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifiers: NCT00760019 and NCT00762827