477 research outputs found
Holocene-Neogene volcanism in northeastern Australia: chronology and eruption history
Quaternary and late Neogene volcanism is widespread in northeastern Australia, producing at least 397 eruptions covering more than 20,000 km2, including at least 20 flows over 50 km long. Despite this abundance of young volcanism, before this study numerous eruptions had tentative ages or were undated, and the area requires a comprehensive evaluation of eruption patterns through time. To help address these issues we applied multi-collector ARGUS-V 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to determine the age of four of the younger extensive flows: Undara (160 km long, 189 ± 4/4 ka; 2σ, with full analytical/external uncertainties), Murronga (40 km long, 153 ± 5/5 ka), Toomba (120 km long, 21 ± 3/3 ka), and Kinrara (55 km long, 7 ± 2/2 ka). Verbal traditions of the Gugu Badhun Aboriginal people contain features that may potentially describe the eruption of Kinrara. If the traditions do record this eruption, they would have been passed down for 230 ± 70 generations – a period of time exceeding the earliest written historical records. To further examine north Queensland volcanism through time we compiled a database of 337 ages, including 179 previously unpublished K-Ar and radiocarbon results. The compiled ages demonstrate that volcanic activity has occurred without major time breaks since at least 9 Ma. The greatest frequency of eruptions occurred in the last 2 Ma, with an average recurrence interval of <10–22 ka between eruptions. Activity was at times likely more frequent than these calculations indicate, as the geochronologic dataset is incomplete, with undated eruptions, and intraplate volcanism is often episodic. The duration, frequency, and youthfulness of activity indicate that north Queensland volcanism should be considered as potentially still active, and there are now two confirmed areas of Holocene volcanism in eastern Australia – one at each end of the continent. More broadly, our data provides another example of 40Ar/39Ar geochronology applied to Holocene and latest Pleistocene mafic eruptions, further demonstrating that this method has the ability to examine eruptions and hazards at the youngest volcanoes on Earth
Glass Ceiling Effect in Lithuanian Private Sector, What Holds Women Back from Moving to the Top Positions.
The study explores the relationship between glass ceiling perceptions, promotion, and leadership opportunities for the workplace middle-management position in Lithuania. For this study, data was collected using an online questionnaire distributed using the “LinkedIn” social network. Of the total number of participants 725, 521 were females (72 percent), and 204 were male (28 percent). Of the 725 participants, 379 (52 percent) agreed or somewhat agreed that there is gender inequality in the workplace in Lithuania. While the results suggest the perception of a glass ceiling still exists in Lithuania, the results were not extremely explicit as many of the responses fell between the “somewhat agree” and “neutral” range. The European Institute for Gender Equality states that Lithuania would receive a high impact from gender equality it could lead to a 12 percent increase of GDP by 2050, creating additional job places for women. (EIGE, 2019). To test the economic influence for the Lithuanian economy in the face of glass ceiling, almost 300 out of 725 (41 percent) participants agreed that they would not remain in their job if the amount of gender inequality increased, even choosing that it would lead to their choice leaving their job or in extreme cases Lithuania. There has been no significant difference between male and female perceptions about leadership and promotion. Both genders value the most flexible work schedule and balance between work and their personal life, as well as recognition for achievements that they bring to the company
New dates on dingo bones from Madura Cave provide oldest firm evidence for arrival of the species in Australia
The dingo is the only placental land mammal aside from murids and bats to have made the water crossings to reach Australia prior to European arrival. It is thought that they arrived as a commensal animal with people, some time in the mid Holocene. However, the timing of their arrival is still a subject of major debate with published age estimates varying widely. This is largely because the age estimates for dingo arrival are based on archaeological deposit dates and genetic divergence estimates, rather than on the dingo bones themselves. Currently, estimates vary from between 5000-4000 years ago, for finds from archaeological contexts, and as much as 18,000 based on DNA age estimates. The timing of dingo arrival is important as post arrival they transformed Indigenous societies across mainland Australia and have been implicated in the extinction of a number of animals including the Tasmanian tiger. Here we present the results of direct dating of dingo bones from their oldest known archaeological context, Madura Cave on the Nullarbor Plain. These dates demonstrate that dingoes were in southern Australia by between 3348 and 3081 years ago. We suggest that following their introduction the dingo may have spread extremely rapidly throughout mainland Australia.Some of this work was undertaken as part of Linkage Grant LP100200415 funded by the ARC with contributions
from the Kimberley Foundation Australia and the Department of Sustainability, Water, Populations and
Communities
The mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Findings from community and inpatient mental health settings in Ontario, Canada
Although bullying victimization has been linked to a number of behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents, few studies have investigate the mechanism through which bullying victimization affect non-suicidal self-injury. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of bullying victimization on non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents. Data for this study came from the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health dataset. A total of 1650 adolescents aged 12–18 years (M =14.56; SD =1.79; 54.2% males) were analyzed. Binary logistic and Poisson regression models were conducted to identify the mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury. Of the 1650 adolescents studied, 611 representing 37% engaged in non-suicidal self-injury and 26.7% were victims of bullying. The effect of bullying victimization on non-suicidal self-injury was partially mediated by depressive symptoms after adjusting for the effect of demographic characteristics, history of childhood abuse, social support, and mental health diagnoses. The contribution of bullying victimization and depression to non-suicidal self-injury adds to the case for the development of trauma-focused interventions in reducing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents
The role of adverse childhood experiences as determinants of non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents referred to community and inpatient mental health settings
The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of, and determine the effect of adverse childhood experiences on non-suicidal self-injury among children and adolescents referred to community and inpatient mental health settings. Data for this study were obtained from the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health dataset. A total of 2038 children and adolescents aged 8–18 years (M = 12.49; SD = 2.88, 61.1% males) were analyzed. Binary logistic regression was fitted to identify predictors of non-suicidal self-injury as a function of adverse childhood experiences, depression, and social support while simultaneously controlling for age, gender, type of patient, legal guardianship, marital status of parents/caregivers, history of foster family placement, and mental health diagnoses. Of the 2038 children and adolescents examined, 592 (29%) of this clinical sample engaged in non-suicidal self-injury. In the multivariate logistic regression model, children and adolescents who were physically abused had 49% higher odds of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury and children and adolescents who were sexually abused had 60% higher odds of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury, when compared to their non-abused counterparts. Other predictors of non-suicidal self-injury include: older age, female gender, inpatient status, depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, and mood disorders. Children and adolescents who had some form of social support had a 26% decrease in the odds of engaging in non-suicidal self-injury. Assessment procedures for indicators of mental health, particularly among children and adolescents with a history of adverse childhood experiences, should also take into account non-suicidal self-injury. In addition to bolstering social support networks, addressing depression and related emotion regulation skills in childhood may help prevent future non-suicidal self-injury behaviors
Environmental Records from Corals and Coralline Sponges
This research centers on the extraction of environmental
information stored in the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
(Porites) and coralline sponges (Astrosclera willeyana).
Elemental variations are measured in these samples using laser
ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. During
this project, techniques were refined and developed to
quantitatively measure major (B, Mg, Sr, Ba, U) and minor (Mn,
Zn, Pb, REE’s) elemental abundances in corals and coralline
sponges.
This method was used to extract seasonal records from a high
latitude coral living at its limits of cold-water tolerance in
Japan. Seasonal cycles of major elements (B, Mg, Sr, U) were
calibrated against in situ instrumental temperature monitors.
Calibrations were in good agreement with other published reports.
This coral also recorded wind-induced upwelling (both annual and
El Niño related) by increases in the Ba/Ca ratio. The trace
element annual patterns and slow growth rate also indicated that
this coral had very slow/no extension during the cold winter
months when water temperature was below 18 oC.
Cores from Porites sp. coral colonies were also collected from
inshore, mid-shelf and outer reef localities (central Great
Barrier Reef) to test the robustness of the major elemental SST
and runoff proxies (B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, U/Ca). The inshore
reefs selected for this study are heavily influenced by river
runoff whereas the mid-reef and outer-reef locations are not. It
is shown that Ba/Ca provides an excellent proxy for river runoff.
Time series analyses of Sr/Ca, U/Ca, B/Ca and Mg/Ca are compared
to in situ sea surface temperature (SST) and/or IGOSS NMC weekly
satellite SST to provide calibrations for these elements.
Previous workers have noted differences in the calibration of
Sr/Ca vs. SST; this LA-ICP-MS dataset shows a slight variation
between different corals. This suggests small-scale intra- coral
variability. Both the U/Ca and Mg/Ca have calibrations within
error for mid-shelf and outer reef corals but the calibrations
differ for the inshore corals. Sr/Ca and B/Ca appear to be the
most robust of the elemental temperature proxies in terms of
recording water temperature. Measurements of coral manganese
suggest a seasonal cycle closely linked to solar radiation and
wind. Increased solar radiation may increase the dissolved
seawater Mn that result in corals having elevated concentrations
of Mn during the summer.
The use of corals as recorders of marine pollution was examined
on the island of Misima in Papua New Guinea where open-cut gold
mining commenced in 1989. This mining caused increased
sedimentation affecting the nearby fringing coral reef to varying
degrees, causing coral mortality (complete suffocation) in some
areas. This sediment is made up of completely weathered quartz
feldspar, greenstone and schist. These rocks have distinct
chemical constituents (rare earth elements [REE], zinc and lead
etc.), which are entering the near-shore environment in
considerably higher than normal concentrations. Eight coral
colonies (2 from high sedimentation, 2 transitional, 2 minor and
2 unaffected control sites) were analyzed for Mn, Y, La, Ce, Zn
and Pb. All sites show low steady “background” levels prior
to the commencement of mining. After mine construction began in
1988, all sites aside from the control show dramatic increases of
Mn, Y, La, and Ce associated with the increased sedimentation. Zn
and Pb increase after 1989 when ore processing began. The
concentration of these elements in these corals decreases as the
distance from the mine increases. Rare earth elements (REE)
measured in two corals suggest a pattern different from
“normal” seawater. When the coral REE pattern is compared to
seawater an enrichment of the light and middle REE’s appear.
The heavy REE’s are depleted relative to the seawater pattern.
This suggests the nearshore seawater REE’s are influenced by
island weathering.
Coralline sponges have been proposed as a new source of tropical
paleoclimatic information. Profiles of d 13 C in coralline
sponges have documented (better and more accurately than corals)
the atmospheric increase of 12 C associated with increased fossil
fuel consumption. Due to their very slow growth rates ~0.2 mm yr
-1 sponges are better suited to recording and providing long-term
environmental information rather than annual information. These
sponges appear to smooth the record stored in their skeleton by
adding secondary aragonite near the base of the living tissue
layer. This smoothing limits their use as annual environmental
recorders but still enables their use for decadal or longer
environmental fluctuations. Smoothed records of Sr/Ca from five
sponges around the Southwest Pacific suggest that these sponges
are able to capture 5 yr. and longer seawater temperature
anomalies over the past 50-200 years. The temperature sensitivity
of Sr/Ca in sponges is 7 to 12 times larger than corals with
~0.7-0.9 mmol/mol DSr/Ca per oC for sponges compared to ~0.07
mmol/mol DSr/Ca per oC for corals
Pre-bomb marine reservoir variability in the Kimberley region, Western Australia
New ΔR values are presented for 10 known-age shells from the Kimberley region of northwest Australia. Previous estimates of ΔR for the Kimberley region are based on only 6 individual shell specimens with dates of live collection known only to within 50 yr (Bowman 1985a). Here, we describe the results of our recent attempts to constrain ΔR variability for this region by dating a suite of known-age pre-AD 1950 shell samples from the Australian Museum and Museum Victoria. A regional ΔR of 58 ± 17 14C yr for open waters between Broome and Cape Leveque is recommended based on 7 of these specimens. The criteria used to select shells for dating and inclusion in the regional mean are discussed.Copyright Information: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/issn/0033-8222
Apparent Periodic and Long-Term Changes in AAIW and UCDW Properties at Fixed Depths in the Southwest Pacific, With Indications of a Regime Shift in the 1930s
Metal/calcium ratios in two long-lived deep-sea gorgonian corals (Lepidisis and Corallium spp.) in the Southwest Pacific evidence periodic decadal variability at depths that correspond to Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and shallow Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, and a shift in the mid-1930s to late-1930s in mean ambient temperatures, barium/silicate concentrations and possibly pH, the rate at which these properties change over time, and the relationship between temperatures at fixed depth and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). The decadal periodicity, which is evident in other biological indices in the study area, can be accounted for by water mass heave on the order of 100–150 m, which is consistent with observed scales of variability in the AAIW. The proximate and ultimate causes of the midcentury shifts are unclear, but could be related to suggested mid-20th century changes in climate parameters globally and, more specifically, in the subpolar SW Pacific
Offsetting of CO₂ emissions by air capture in mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia: Rates, controls and prospects for carbon neutral mining
The hydrated Mg-carbonate mineral, hydromagnesite [Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂•4H₂O], precipitates within mine tailings at the Mount Keith Nickel Mine, Western Australia as a direct result of mining operations. We have used quantitative mineralogical data and δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and F¹⁴C isotopic data to quantify the amount of CO₂fixation and identify carbon sources. Our radiocarbon results indicate that at least 80% of carbon stored in hydromagnesite has been captured from the modern atmosphere. Stable isotopic results indicate that dissolution of atmospheric CO₂ into mine tailings water is kinetically limited, which suggests that the current rate of carbon mineralization could be accelerated. Reactive transport modeling is used to describe the observed variation in tailings mineralogy and to estimate rates of CO₂ fixation. Based on our assessment, approximately 39,800 t/yr of atmospheric CO₂ are being trapped and stored in tailings at Mount Keith. This represents an offsetting of approximately 11% of the mine's annual greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, passive sequestration via enhanced weathering of mineral waste can capture and store a significant amount of CO₂. Recommendations are made for changes to tailings management and ore processing practices that have potential to accelerate carbonation of tailings and further reduce or completely offset the net greenhouse gas emissions at Mount Keith and many other mines
Extraordinarily high biomass benthic community on Southern Ocean seamounts
We describe a previously unknown assemblage of seamount-associated megabenthos that has by far the highest peak biomass reported in the deep-sea outside of vent communities. The assemblage was found at depths of 2-2.5 km on rocky geomorphic features off the southeast coast of Australia, in an area near the Sub-Antarctic Zone characterised by high rates of surface productivity and carbon export to the deep-ocean. These conditions, and the taxa in the assemblage, are widely distributed around the Southern mid-latitudes, suggesting the high-biomass assemblage is also likely to be widespread. The role of this assemblage in regional ecosystem and carbon dynamics and its sensitivities to anthropogenic impacts are unknown. The discovery highlights the lack of information on deep-sea biota worldwide and the potential for unanticipated impacts of deep-sea exploitation
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