Health Related Correlates of Smoking in Old Order Amish from Lancaster County

<p>Health Related Correlates of Smoking in Old Order Amish from Lancaster County</p

Health Related Correlates To Categories of Passive Smoking in Old Order Amish Study Participants.

<p>Health Related Correlates To Categories of Passive Smoking in Old Order Amish Study Participants.</p

Correlation between plasma MMP/TIMP levels and % change in FEV1.

<p>Plasma protein levels for MMP-1, -9 and TIMP-1 were correlated with the % change from baseline in FEV1 at 6, 9 and 18 months of follow up. The coefficient of determination (R²) was calculated for each value at each time point.</p

Quartiles of MMP protein expression.

<p>Minimum to 25% represented quartile 1 (Q1), 26% to Median represented quartile 2 (Q2), Median to 75% represented quartile 3 (Q3) and 75% to Maximum represented quartile 4 (Q4).</p

Correlation between BALF MMP/TIMP levels and % change in FEV1.

<p>BALF protein levels for MMP-1, -9 and TIMP-1 were correlated with the % change from baseline in FEV1 at 6, 9 and 18 months of follow up. The coefficient of determination (R²) was calculated for each value at each time point.</p

Correlation between MMPs and DL_CO or FEV1/FVC % predicted.

<p>Linear regression analyses correlated baseline BALF MMP-1, -9, -12 and TIMP-1 lavage levels with change in DL_CO or the FEV1/FVC % predicted ratio at 9-month follow up. R² = coefficient of correlation.</p

Association between quartile of plasma protein expression and clinical parameters.

<p>The mean values of age, pack years, FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC % predicted, TLC % predicted, CT score and St. George questionnaire total score were calculated for each quartile of MMP-1, -9 and TIMP-1 plasma protein expression. Bold indicates p<0.05 compared to quartile 1. Parentheses () indicate standard deviation.</p

MMP and TIMP-1 levels in the plasma of normal smokers and emphysema subjects.

<p>Luminex multiplex assays for MMP-1 (top panel), MMP-9 (center panel) and TIMP-1 (bottom panel) were done on age-matched plasma samples from non-smoking controls, normal smokers and subjects with moderate to severe emphysema. MMP-12 was measured but levels were below the limit of detection.</p

Emphysema characteristics.

<p>All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Data for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC) total lung capacity, residual volume and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) are all presented as percent predicted. FEV1/FVC ratio is presented as %. Bronchodilator responsiveness is presented as % change in FEV1.</p

BALF MMP and TIMP-1 protein levels and protease activity in controls, smokers and emphysema subjects.

<p>BALF was performed on 72 normal control subjects, 16 smokers, and 101 subjects with moderate to severe emphysema who had refrained from smoking for at least six months. (A) MMP-1, (B) MMP-9, (C) MMP-12 and (D) TIMP-1 protein levels were recorded. p<0.0001 by Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparison test. <i>p</i> values shown, comparing both treatments connected by a line. (E) Collagenase and (F) elastase activity were measured in the BALF of 26 normal controls, 9 smokers without emphysema and 60 emphysema subjects. Differences between cohorts was assessed by ANOVA; p<0.05. (G) MMP-1/TIMP-1 BALF ratios and (H) MMP-9/TIMP-1 BALF ratios were determined in the BALF of 82 normal controls, 18 smokers without emphysema and 98 emphysema subjects. Differences between cohorts was assessed by ANOVA; p<0.05.</p