3,621 research outputs found
The effect of noise correlations on randomized benchmarking
Among the most popular and well studied quantum characterization,
verification and validation techniques is randomized benchmarking (RB), an
important statistical tool used to characterize the performance of physical
logic operations useful in quantum information processing. In this work we
provide a detailed mathematical treatment of the effect of temporal noise
correlations on the outcomes of RB protocols. We provide a fully analytic
framework capturing the accumulation of error in RB expressed in terms of a
three-dimensional random walk in "Pauli space." Using this framework we derive
the probability density function describing RB outcomes (averaged over noise)
for both Markovian and correlated errors, which we show is generally described
by a gamma distribution with shape and scale parameters depending on the
correlation structure. Long temporal correlations impart large nonvanishing
variance and skew in the distribution towards high-fidelity outcomes --
consistent with existing experimental data -- highlighting potential
finite-sampling pitfalls and the divergence of the mean RB outcome from
worst-case errors in the presence of noise correlations. We use the
Filter-transfer function formalism to reveal the underlying reason for these
differences in terms of effective coherent averaging of correlated errors in
certain random sequences. We conclude by commenting on the impact of these
calculations on the utility of single-metric approaches to quantum
characterization, verification, and validation.Comment: Updated and expanded to include full derivation. Related papers
available from http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~mbiercuk/Publications.htm
Patterns, causes, and consequences of marine larval dispersal
Quantifying the probability of larval exchange among marine populations is key to predicting local population dynamics and optimizing networks of marine protected areas. The pattern of connectivity among populations can be described by the measurement of a dispersal kernel. However, a statistically robust, empirical dispersal kernel has been lacking for any marine species. Here, we use genetic parentage analysis to quantify a dispersal kernel for the reef fish Elacatinus lori, demonstrating that dispersal declines exponentially with distance. The spatial scale of dispersal is an order of magnitude less than previous estimates—the median dispersal distance is just 1.7 km and no dispersal events exceed 16.4 km despite intensive sampling out to 30 km from source. Overlaid on this strong pattern is subtle spatial variation, but neither pelagic larval duration nor direction is associated with the probability of successful dispersal. Given the strong relationship between distance and dispersal, we show that distance-driven logistic models have strong power to predict dispersal probabilities. Moreover, connectivity matrices generated from these models are congruent with empirical estimates of spatial genetic structure, suggesting that the pattern of dispersal we uncovered reflects long-term patterns of gene flow. These results challenge assumptions regarding the spatial scale and presumed predictors of marine population connectivity. We conclude that if marine reserve networks aim to connect whole communities of fishes and conserve biodiversity broadly, then reserves that are close in space (<10 km) will accommodate those members of the community that are short-distance dispersers.We thank Diana Acosta, Alben David, Kevin David, Alissa Rickborn, and Derek Scolaro for assistance with field work; Eliana Bondra for assistance with molecular work; and Peter Carlson for assistance with otolith work. We are grateful to Noel Anderson, David Lindo, Claire Paris, Robert Warner, Colleen Webb, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1260424, and C.C.D. was supported by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship DGE-1247312. All work was approved by Belize Fisheries and Boston University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. (OCE-1260424 - National Science Foundation (NSF); DGE-1247312 - NSF Graduate Research Fellowship)Published versio
Matching concepts across HOL libraries
Many proof assistant libraries contain formalizations of the same
mathematical concepts. The concepts are often introduced (defined) in different
ways, but the properties that they have, and are in turn formalized, are the
same. For the basic concepts, like natural numbers, matching them between
libraries is often straightforward, because of mathematical naming conventions.
However, for more advanced concepts, finding similar formalizations in
different libraries is a non-trivial task even for an expert.
In this paper we investigate automatic discovery of similar concepts across
libraries of proof assistants. We propose an approach for normalizing
properties of concepts in formal libraries and a number of similarity measures.
We evaluate the approach on HOL based proof assistants HOL4, HOL Light and
Isabelle/HOL, discovering 398 pairs of isomorphic constants and types
Energy dependence on fractional charge for strongly interacting subsystems
The energies of a pair of strongly-interacting subsystems with arbitrary
noninteger charges are examined from closed and open system perspectives. An
ensemble representation of the charge dependence is derived, valid at all
interaction strengths. Transforming from resonance-state ionicity to ensemble
charge dependence imposes physical constraints on the occupation numbers in the
strong-interaction limit. For open systems, the chemical potential is evaluated
using microscopic and thermodynamic models, leading to a novel correlation
between ground-state charge and an electronic temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figs.; as accepted (Phys. Rev. Lett.
Properties of Pt Schottky Type Contacts On High-Resistivity CdZnTe Detectors
In this paper we present studies of the I-V characteristics of CdZnTe
detectors with Pt contacts fabricated from high-resistivity single crystals
grown by the high-pressure Brigman process. We have analyzed the experimental
I-V curves using a model that approximates the CZT detector as a system
consisting of a reversed Schottky contact in series with the bulk resistance.
Least square fits to the experimental data yield 0.78-0.79 eV for the Pt-CZT
Schottky barrier height, and <20 V for the voltage required to deplete a 2 mm
thick CZT detector. We demonstrate that at high bias the thermionic current
over the Schottky barrier, the height of which is reduced due to an interfacial
layer between the contact and CZT material, controls the leakage current of the
detectors. In many cases the dark current is not determined by the resistivity
of the bulk material, but rather the properties of the contacts; namely by the
interfacial layer between the contact and CZT material.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure
Gravitational waves from first order phase transitions during inflation
We study the production, spectrum and detectability of gravitational waves in
models of the early Universe where first order phase transitions occur during
inflation. We consider all relevant sources. The self-consistency of the
scenario strongly affects the features of the waves. The spectrum appears to be
mainly sourced by collisions of bubble of the new phases, while plasma dynamics
(turbulence) and the primordial gauge fields connected to the physics of the
transitions are generally subdominant. The amplitude and frequency dependence
of the spectrum for modes that exit the horizon during inflation are different
from those of the waves produced by quantum vacuum oscillations of the metric
or by first order phase transitions not occurring during inflation. A moderate
number of slow (but still successful) phase transitions can leave detectable
marks in the CMBR, but the signal weakens rapidly for faster transitions. When
the number of phase transitions is instead large, the primordial gravitational
waves can be observed both in the CMBR or with LISA (marginally) and especially
DECIGO. We also discuss the nucleosynthesis bound and the constraints it places
on the parameters of the models.Comment: minor changes in the text and the references to match the published
versio
Mechanism of Lysine 48 Selectivity during Polyubiquitin Chain Formation by the Ube2R1/2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme
Lysine selectivity is of critical importance during polyubiquitin chain formation because the identity of the lysine controls the biological outcome. Ubiquitins are covalently linked in polyubiquitin chains through one of seven lysine residues on its surface and the C terminus of adjacent protomers. Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains signal for protein degradation; however, the structural basis for Lys 48 selectivity remains largely unknown. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2R1/2 has exquisite specificity for Lys 48, and computational docking of Ube2R1/2 and ubiquitin predicts that Lys 48 is guided to the active site through a key electrostatic interaction between Arg 54 on ubiquitin and Asp 143 on Ube2R1/2. The validity of this interaction was confirmed through biochemical experiments. Since structural examples involving Arg 54 in protein-ubiquitin complexes are exceedingly rare, these results provide additional insight into how ubiquitin-protein complexes can be stabilized. We discuss how these findings relate to how other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes direct the lysine specificity of polyubiquitin chains
Mechanism of Lysine 48 Selectivity during Polyubiquitin Chain Formation by the Ube2R1/2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme
Lysine selectivity is of critical importance during polyubiquitin chain formation because the identity of the lysine controls the biological outcome. Ubiquitins are covalently linked in polyubiquitin chains through one of seven lysine residues on its surface and the C terminus of adjacent protomers. Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains signal for protein degradation; however, the structural basis for Lys 48 selectivity remains largely unknown. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2R1/2 has exquisite specificity for Lys 48, and computational docking of Ube2R1/2 and ubiquitin predicts that Lys 48 is guided to the active site through a key electrostatic interaction between Arg 54 on ubiquitin and Asp 143 on Ube2R1/2. The validity of this interaction was confirmed through biochemical experiments. Since structural examples involving Arg 54 in protein-ubiquitin complexes are exceedingly rare, these results provide additional insight into how ubiquitin-protein complexes can be stabilized. We discuss how these findings relate to how other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes direct the lysine specificity of polyubiquitin chains
The effects of physical distancing on population mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
Phase-resolved NuSTAR and Swift-XRT Observations of Magnetar 4U 0142+61
We present temporal and spectral analysis of simultaneous 0.5-79 keV
Swift-XRT and NuSTAR observations of the magnetar 4U 0142+61. The pulse profile
changes significantly with photon energy between 3 and 35 keV. The pulse
fraction increases with energy, reaching a value of ~20%, similar to that
observed in 1E 1841-045 and much lower than the ~80% pulse fraction observed in
1E 2259+586. We do not detect the 55-ks phase modulation reported in previous
Suzaku-HXD observations. The phase-averaged spectrum of 4U 0142+61 above 20 keV
is dominated by a hard power law with a photon index, ~ 0.65, and the
spectrum below 20 keV can be described by two blackbodies, a blackbody plus a
soft power law, or by a Comptonized blackbody model. We study the full
phase-resolved spectra using the electron-positron outflow model of Beloborodov
(2013). Our results are consistent with the parameters of the active j-bundle
derived from INTEGRAL data by Hascoet et al. (2014). We find that a significant
degeneracy appears in the inferred parameters if the footprint of the j-bundle
is allowed to be a thin ring instead of a polar cap. The degeneracy is reduced
when the footprint is required to be the hot spot inferred from the soft X-ray
data.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap
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