Histological analysis for effect of polysaccharide on tissue morphology.

<p>Microscopic examination of histological paraffin sections (H & E staining) showed standard and consistent morphology of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). Thin and broad arrows indicate intact stratum corneum and Epidermis respectively.</p

MALDI-TOF spectrum of polysaccharide.

<p>MALDI-TOF spectrum shows Gaussian ion distribution from m/z: 200 to 2200. The hexose species are detected in this sample until m/z 2149 (n = 13). The matrix used for the polysaccharide is 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB).</p

Longevity effect of a polysaccharide from <i>Chlorophytum borivilianum</i> on <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> - Fig 6

<p><b>A. Effect of polysaccharide on yeast chronological lifespan.</b> Histogram showing area under the survival curve at different doses of polysaccharide extract (ng/ml), compared to the vehicle control (-ve) and a positive control 10 μg/ml Resveratrol (+ve) for <i>S</i>. <i>cerevisiae</i>. Error bars are standard deviation from the mean AUC of eight experiments. For statistical significance see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179813#pone.0179813.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. <b>B: The effect of polysaccharide on yeast Chronological Lifespan requires a functional TOR pathway.</b> Histograms showing area under the survival curve at 10ng/ml of polysaccharide extract in BY4741 and BY4741 containing deletions of <i>TOR1</i>, <i>SNF1</i>, <i>GCN5</i> and <i>SIR2</i>. Deletions represent replacement of the coding region with the <i>KanMX</i> selection casette. Error bars are standard deviations from the mean AUC of three measurements.</p

Effect of the polysaccharide treatment on keratinocyte proliferation.

<p><i>C</i>. <i>borivilanium</i> polysaccharide displays 47% proliferation at 25μg/mL. HB-EGF, used as a positive control, displays 60% proliferation at 0.001μg/mL. *p < 0.05.</p

Effect of polysaccharide fraction treatment on median chronological lifespan and AUC in yeast.

<p>Effect of polysaccharide fraction treatment on median chronological lifespan and AUC in yeast.</p

Expression of CD44 and HA in human reconstructed epidermis after treatment with polysaccharide.

<p>Proteins were quantified using ELISA in two separate EpiSkin^TM D6 tissue samples and at three different concentrations of polysaccharide (1, 10 and 100 μg/mL). Control was the tissue sample treated with solvent DMSO.</p

Effect of polysaccharide on <i>C</i>.<i>elegans</i> lifespan.

<p>Survival curves for <i>C</i>.<i>elegans</i> treated with 10μg/ml polysaccharide extract (blue line), 10μg/ml Resveratrol (yellow line) or vehicle control (green line).</p

Western blot analysis of pAKT and GAB1 in human reconstructed epidermis after treatment with polysaccharide at a concentration of 100μg/ml.

<p>Western blot analysis of pAKT and GAB1 in human reconstructed epidermis after treatment with polysaccharide at a concentration of 100μg/ml.</p

¹H-NMR spectra of the polysaccharide recorded after acid hydrolysis in D₂O.

<p>The NMR spectrum recorded after acid hydrolysis using 2% DCl for 1 hour at 100°C, shows characteristic signals of hexose carbohydrates. The spectrum clearly shows the nature of monomers and that the polysaccharide is composed of glucose.</p

2D DOSY MAP of the polysaccharide recorded in D₂O.

<p>The NMR DOSY experiment displays a low molecular weight oligosaccharide around 1000 g/mol. The x-axis corresponds to the chemical shifts (classical proton NMR) and the y-axis corresponds to the diffusion coefficients.</p