YiL implementation timeline, evaluation periods and programme theories (early and evolved).

<p>Triangles = programme events or blocks of activity (hollow = preparatory, solid = during the programme), crosses = contextual events. </p

Mixed methods design to address evaluation objectives.

<p>Mixed methods design to address evaluation objectives.</p

Practice participation in YiL: distribution of scores by borough.

<p>Number of interventions each practice undertook. Measured by: evidence of attendance by practice staff at YiL educational events (Spirometry training, Nurse Mentorship programme, Master Classes) or whether e-template for COPD was uploaded on practice computer.</p

Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for YiL boroughs versus comparators in each time period.

<p>Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for YiL boroughs versus comparators in each time period.</p

PRISMA flow chart.

<p>PRISMA flow chart.</p

Difference in differences results comparing ‘before and during’ vs ‘after’ periods of YiL for practices that scored 2–4 vs those who scored 0–1.

<p>Difference in differences results comparing ‘before and during’ vs ‘after’ periods of YiL for practices that scored 2–4 vs those who scored 0–1.</p

Quality assessment of included studies based on Drummond et al (1997).

<p>Quality assessment of included studies based on Drummond et al (1997).</p

MMSE and ACE scores.

<p>MMSE and ACE scores.</p

Secondary outcomes for intervention groups versus control in the year after intervention.

<p>Secondary outcomes for intervention groups versus control in the year after intervention.</p

CONSORT flow diagram.

<p>CONSORT flow diagram.</p