ACE and non-ACE pathways in the renal vascular response to RAS interruption in type 1 diabetes mellitus

ACE and non-ACE pathways in the renal vascular response to RAS interruption in type 1 diabetes mellitus.BackgroundThe enormous contribution of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) interruption with ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy has led to interest in the factors involved in angiotensin II (Ang II) generation. In normal subjects, RAS interruption using an ARB produced a 50% greater renal plasma flow (RPF) rise than with an ACE inhibitor, suggesting a substantial contribution of non-ACE pathways. Moreover, immunohistochemistry studies in kidneys of overtly proteinuric diabetic subjects showed up-regulation of chymase, an alternative Ang II-generating enzyme. Our aim was to determine the degree to which the non-ACE pathways contribute to RAS activation in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).MethodsType 1DM patients (N = 37, 14 M/23 F; age 31 ± 2 years; DM duration 16 ± 1.7 years; HbA1c 7.7.0 ± 0.3%) were studied on a high-salt diet. They received captopril 25mg po one day and candesartan 16mg po the next day. RPF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured before and up to 4 hours after drug administration.ResultsBoth captopril and candesartan induced a significant rise in RPF (baseline vs. peak <0.0001 for both), and the rise was concordant for the 2 drugs (r = 0.77,P < 0.001). However, the RPF responses were not significantly different between the 2 drugs (captopril 72 ± 11mL/min/1.73m2, candesartan 75 ± 12,P = 0.841).ConclusionIn predominantly normoalbuminuric, normotensive type 1 DM, activation of the intrarenal RAS reflects a mechanism involving primarily the classic ACE pathway

Hybrid quantum annealing for larger-than-QPU lattice-structured problems

Quantum processing units (QPUs) executing annealing algorithms have shown promise in optimization and simulation applications. Hybrid algorithms are a natural bridge to additional applications of larger scale. We present a straightforward and effective method for solving larger-than-QPU lattice-structured Ising optimization problems. Performance is compared against simulated annealing with promising results, and improvement is shown as a function of the generation of D-Wave QPU used.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figures, supplementary code attachmen

Importance and Characteristics of Lobbying in the European Union

This paper presents the process and characteristics of modern lobbying as bargaining in order to reach the desired decision. Lobbying is as old as the human desire for power. In modern conditions of life lobby is free to be said, has become industry. Lobbying is now a legitimate part of any democratic society. Due to guided, and methods of the process, lobbying, often resulting in relation to corruption. For this reason, many of the modern state are lobbying placed under the legal system of their institutions

T lymphocytes in the third trimester decidua in preeclampsia

Objective: The aim of study was to conduct immunohistochemical quantification of CD3+ and CD8+ decidual lymphocytes in preeclampsia. Methods: A study group included 30 cases of preeclampsia and a control group included 20 healthy pregnant women, all delivered by Cesarean section. Samples of placental bed were analyzed after immunohistochemical staining of CD45+, CD3+ and CD8+ cells. Results: The group with preeclampsia included a significantly higher number of CD3+ (p < 0.01) and CD8+ (p < 0.05) T lymphocytes. Conclusion: It is certain that thebalance dysregulation of T cell of the immune milieu of deciduais of importance in etiopathogenesis and manifestations of preeclampsia