Endpoints in pediatric pain studies

Assessing pain intensity in (preverbal) children is more difficult than in adults. Tools to measure pain are being used as primary endpoints [e.g., pain intensity, time to first (rescue) analgesia, total analgesic consumption, adverse effects, and long-term effects] in studies on the effects of analgesic drugs. Here, we review current and promising new endpoints used in pediatric pain assessment studies

East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure

Respiratory failure and death in East Coast Fever (ECF), a clinical syndrome of African cattle caused by the apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, has historically been attributed to pulmonary infiltration by infected lymphocytes. However, immunohistochemical staining of tissue from T. parva infected cattle revealed large numbers of CD3- and CD20-negative intralesional mononuclear cells. Due to this finding, we hypothesized that macrophages play an important role in Theileria parva disease pathogenesis. Data presented here demonstrates that terminal ECF in both Holstein and Boran cattle is largely due to multisystemic histiocytic responses and resultant tissue damage. Furthermore, the combination of these histologic changes with the clinical findings, including lymphadenopathy, prolonged pyrexia, multi-lineage leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia is consistent with macrophage activation syndrome. All animals that succumbed to infection exhibited lymphohistiocytic vasculitis of small to medium caliber blood and lymphatic vessels. In pulmonary, lymphoid, splenic and hepatic tissues from Holstein cattle, the majority of intralesional macrophages were positive for CD163, and often expressed large amounts of IL-17. These data define a terminal ECF pathogenesis in which parasite-driven lymphoproliferation leads to secondary systemic macrophage activation syndrome, mononuclear vasculitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and death. The accompanying macrophage phenotype defined by CD163 and IL-17 is presented in the context of this pathogenesis

The British Museum Library and colonial copyright deposit

THE full story of colonial legal deposit has not yet been written and with the scattered and incomplete nature of the records may never be wholly recounted. What follows in this and in a subsequent article on 'The British Museum Library and the India Office' is an outline of the complicated history of the relevant legislation, the attempts to enforce it and a preliminary evaluation of the benefits these brought to collection building in the British Museum Library

The British Museum Library and the development of the international exchange of official documents

In 1867 the United States Congress empowered the Smithsonian Institution to negotiate complete reciprocal exchanges of official publications with foreign governments. The impetus to such international exchanges was eventually embodied in two Brussels Conventions of 1886, although the United Kingdom was not a signatory. This article traces how, despite this, the British Museum Library gradually developed a major programme of exchanges and charts the role they played in augmenting the Library's collections until their eventual decline in the 1990s

Whose Acquisitions Policy? Panizzi and his Predecessors

Among his many accomplishments Sir Anthony Panizzi is generally credited with devising the acquisitions policy that led to the superior position of the British Museum amongst world libraries. A notable document was his 'On the Collection of Printed Books at the British Museum' of 1845. However, he was not without predecessors, among them Dr Samuel Johnson, Matthew Maty and Joseph Planta. Without detracting in any way from his real abilities this article is an attempt to demonstrate where in fact these policies originated

The British Museum Library and the India Office

SOME five years after an encouraging approach to the Colonial Office concerning colonial copyright deposit, an active Trustee of the British Museum and a personal friend of Panizzi, Lord Elgin, was appointed as Viceroy of India. Winter Jones quickly reminded the Principal Librarian of 'a conversation Mr. Watts and myself had with you sometime ago respecting the difficulty of farming [sic] for the Museum Library the books printed in the East Indies. It was suggested on that occasion that the appointment of the Earl of Elgin to the post of Governor General [sic] ofIndia might perhaps present an opportunity of facilitating somewhat the collection of the works in question if his Lordship could be induced to give directions upon the subject.

The British Museum Library and colonial legal deposit

THE full story of colonial legal deposit has not yet been written and with the scattered and incomplete nature of the records may never be wholly recounted. What follows in this and in a subsequent article on 'The British Museum Library and the India Office' is an outline of the complicated history of the relevant legislation, the attempts to enforce it and a preliminary evaluation of the benefits these brought to collection building in the British Museum Library