207 research outputs found
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[Review] Abdon Rwegasira (2012) Land as a human right: a history of land law and practice in Tanzania
"As in any other country in the world, the History of Land Law in Tanzania, especially, has been evolving along the axis of rights". So Advocate Rwegasira contends in this important contribution to Tanzanian land law scholarship. As a book intended primarily for university law students, the author presents an historical analysis of land law in Tanzania from the pre-colonial period to the present, with detailed discussion of land law principles and precedent. However, this book stands apart from the conventional historical or "black letter" land law textbook. Drawing upon the works of established Tanzanian land law and human rights scholars, the author conceptualises the history of land law in Tanzania as a history of struggles between the landed and landless over competing land rights. This leads him to adopt his own "human rights approach" to the study of Tanzanian land law. His approach reflects upon this history of landed struggles and considers the ways in which human rights principles have been interpreted in seminal cases involving the landless or marginalised. He further analyses key developments in Tanzanian law where human rights and accompanying duties have been enshrined to protect the land rights of vulnerable social groups
LES of an Inclined Jet into a Supersonic Turbulent Crossflow
This short article describes flow parameters, numerical method, and
animations of the fluid dynamics video "LES of an Inclined Jet into a
Supersonic Turbulent Crossflow"
(http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/14073/3/GFM-2009.mpg
[high-resolution] and
http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/14073/2/GFM-2009-web.m1v
[low-resolution] video). We performed large-eddy simulation with the sub-grid
scale (LES-SGS) stretched-vortex model of momentum and scalar transport to
study the gas-dynamics interactions of a helium inclined round jet into a
supersonic () turbulent (\Reth) air flow over a flat
surface. The video shows the temporal development of Mach-number and magnitude
of density-gradient in the mid-span plane, and isosurface of helium
mass-fraction and \lam_2 (vortical structures). The identified vortical
structures are sheets, tilted tubes, and discontinuous rings. The vortical
structures are shown to be well correlated in space and time with helium
mass-fraction isosurface ().Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, article describing fluid dynamics video
submitted to Gallery of Fluid Motion, APS-DFD 200
Public perceptions of the police: effects of police investigation and police resources
Since the 1980s, successive UK governments have sought to increase efficiency in, and effectiveness of, policing through what has been described as “cycles of reform” (Reiner, 2000, p. 204). The reforms typically involved exerting greater central control over regional police forces. Many of the early initiatives met with resistance from within the police and, as a result, were not fully implemented (McLaughlin and Murji, 1995). By the late 1990s and early 2000s, however, more effective and direct control over police performance was finally established. This took the form of a centralisation of police management, which resulted in the introduction of more uniform measures of monitoring police performance, including the regular recording of crime and crime detection rates among police forces. Performance targets were set and the public’s satisfaction with the work of the police in their local area became one of several performance indicators.
Performance targets and measures to generate greater cost efficiency in service provision, however, can have unexpected, sometimes perverse side effects. Two of these are focus of this paper. First, it explores how shifts in the police’s focus on specific types of crime in response to the introduction of performance targets affected the public’s reporting of crime. Second, it asks whether, in the light of efforts to achieve efficiency savings in the police, public spending on police forces has had any bearing on the public’s perception of the quality of local policing
Police authorities, accountability, and citizenship
Policing has recently attracted a great deal of controversy set against the recent wave of student disturbances and the use of paramilitary tactics to disperse, contain, and kettle protestors. Moreover, the controversial application of stop and search powers under the Terrorism Act 2000 has raised further questions about the accountability of the police.
The responsibility of holding the police to account currently falls to the 43 police authorities operating across England and Wales. This article draws on ground-breaking research on police authorities using questionnaire and in-depth interview data to outline just how it is that police authority members approach their duties and responsibilities. It outlines the role and potential of police authorities to influence police policy and operations and discusses how the work of police authorities has impacted on participation by local citizens. Our starting position is that citizen participation is a prerequisite for the effective delivery of accountable policing. This has serious consequences for the proposed Police and Crime Commissioners, which are intended to replace police authorities in November 2012
Policing and accountability: the working of Police Authorities
In recent times policing has attracted a good deal of controversy, such as the
paramilitary tactics employed at demonstrations, the use of stop and search
powers under the Terrorism Act 2000, and the manner in which police officers are
deployed on day-to-day duties. This paper outlines the role and potential of police
authorities to influence police policy and operations and also highlights the need
to seek greater citizen participation in holding the police to account. The major
part of the paper draws on ground-breaking research on police authorities using
questionnaire and in-depth interview data to outline just how it is that police
authority members approach their duties
The Drought Monitor
There is a need for improved drought monitoring and assessment methods in the United States. Drought is the most costly natural disaster [Federal Emergency Management Agancy (FEMA 1995; Wilhite 2000)], but it is often neglected by developers of assessment and forecast products. Drought is more nebulous than other disasters and does not lend itself to traditional assessments or forecast methods. Its relatively slow onset and the complexity of its impacts are reasons for the new assessment methodology. Improvements in drought monitoring and forecasting techniques will allow for better preparation, lead to better management practices, and reduce the vulnerability of society to drought and its subsequent impacts.
The Drought Monitor (additional information available online at http://drought.unl/edu/dm) was created with the goal of tracking and displaying the magnitude and spatial extent of drought and its impacts across the United States. The Drought Monitor is produced weekly and classifies drought severity into four major categories, with a fifth category threshold assigned to locations on a map are determined from a number of indicators, or tools, blended with subjective interpretation
The 'sluice-gate' public sphere and the national DNA database in the UK
Habermas’s amendments to his original public sphere thesis have been recognized by
a number of media scholars in recent years. His original thesis of a decline or refeudalization
of the public sphere where politics is played out in front of the public
has been modified, under the influence of Bernhard Peters’ work, to incorporate the
possibility of action from the periphery of the public sphere influencing, if not exclusively
determining, decisions made at the administrative core via sluice-gates. There has been
limited work, however, on exploring the operation of the sluices in greater detail,
and particularly on the role of the mass media in acting as a communication channel
between peripheral publics and core elites. The purpose of this article is to do so via a
case study of the mass media public debate in the UK about the existence and extent of
the national DNA database as it is a prima facie candidate for observing the operation
of the sluice-gates
Numerical simulation of transom-stern waves
The flow field generated by a transom-stern hullform is a complex,
broad-banded, three-dimensional phenomenon marked by a large breaking wave.
This unsteady multiphase turbulent flow feature is difficult to study
experimentally and simulate numerically. The results of a set of numerical
simulations, which use the Numerical Flow Analysis (NFA) code, of the flow
around the Model 5673 transom stern at speeds covering both wet- and
dry-transom operating conditions are shown in the accompanying fluid dynamics
video. The numerical predictions for wet-transom and dry-transom conditions are
presented to demonstrate the current state of the art in the simulation of ship
generated breaking waves. The interested reader is referred to Drazen et al.
(2010) for a detailed and comprehensive comparison with experiments conducted
at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD).Comment: Fluid Dynamics Video for 2010 APS Division of Fluid Dynamics Gallery
of Fluid Motion include
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