Letters between John D. Speirs and William Kerr\u27s secretary

Letters concerning a position in mathematics or history at Utah Agricultural College

Letters between John H. McIntosh and William Kerr\u27s secretary

Letters concerning a position in athletic department at Utah Agricultural College

Letters between John T. Hand and William Kerr\u27s secretary

Letters concerning a position in the music department at the Agricultural College

Private education and inequality in the knowledge economy

This article explores the consequences of public and private spending on education at all levels, looking at skills and income inequality. We use data for 22 affluent democracies from 1960 or 1995 (depending on data availability) to 2017. High levels of public education spending consistently lower income inequality, both measured as wage dispersion and as the education premium. In contrast, higher levels of private education spending are associated with both higher wage dispersion and a higher education premium. We show that this effect works in part through differential skills acquisition. Public education spending raises the math scores of 15-years old students at the mean and at the 25th percentile, but private education spending has no effect on skills at these levels. We find the same pattern among skills of adults; public education spending raises skills at the 25th percentile and the mean; private spending has no effect. Finally, we also show that higher levels of adult skills indeed depress the education premium

Politics, Policies, and Poverty in Latin America

Why do Latin American countries exhibit stark differences in their ability to protect citizens from falling into poverty? Analysis of poverty levels measured by ECLAC in eighteen countries shows that political factors-including the democratic record, long-term weight of left-of-center parties in the legislature, and investment in human capital-are significant and substantively important determinants of poverty. These findings contribute to the growing literature that emphasizes the importance of regime form, parties, and policies for a variety of outcomes in Latin America, despite the weaknesses of democracy and the pathologies of some parties and party systems in the region

The Chilean Left in Power: Achievements, Failures, and Omissions

In his introduction to this volume, Weyland locates the administrations of Socialist Presidents Ricardo Lagos (2000-06) and Michelle Bachelet (2006- 2010) closest to the moderate pole among current leftist governments in Latin America. We concur and hope to contribute to the discussion by elucidating the sources of this moderation and examining the performance of these governments in the areas of political management, economic policies, and social policies and labor market reforms. The Lagos and Bachelet governments have pursued similar market-friendly economic policies to their predecessors. Although both presidents have made important progress in overcoming the political institutionallegacies of Augusto Pinochet\u27s dictatorship, moderate progress in labor market policies, and impressive progress in two social policy areas, very little improvement has been seen in the realm of fostering citizen participation and empowering labor and social movements through organization and linkages to political parties. We compare the Lagos and Bachelet governments to those of their Christian Democratic predecessors as well as to each other with the goal of identifying policy successes, failures, and omissions. We argue that the administrations\u27 moderation stems from the political experiences of the leadership and their resulting approach to building relationships to the party rank-and-file and to civil society, the fact that these are coalition governments, and the constraints of the Pinochet political and economic legacies

Selective Expression of Immune-Associated Surface Antigens by Keratinocytes in Irritant Contact Dermatitis

The expression of three immunoregulatory surface antigens by epidermal keratinocytes was studied in irritant contact dermatitis (lCD), in order to assess whether keratinocytes have a modulatory role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Biopsies were taken from 48-h patch test reactions to six structurally unrelated irritants, and frozen sections immunolabeled with monoclonal antibodies to the major histocompatibility complex class II antigen, HLA-DR, intercellular adhesion molecule-i (ICAM-1), and the 88-Kd glycoprotein CD36 (OKM5), as well as to the CD3 (T cells) and CD11a (lymphocyte function associated antigen-1, LFA-1) antigens. We found that there was very limited expression of HLA- DR by keratinocytes, with no correlation between the extent of HLA-DR positivity and the degree of T cell infiltration into the epidermis and dermis, suggesting that interferon gamma may not be a significant mediator of lCD at 48h. In contrast, keratinocytes showed extensive upregulation of ICAM-1, with an excellent spatial association between ICAM-1 expression and LFA-1 positive leucocytes in the epidermis. This indicates that keratinocyte JCAM-1 induction is not restricted to diseases in which antigen presentation is pivotal, but that it has a generalized role in cutaneous inflammatory reactions, promoting the infiltration of leucocytes into the epidermis. Immunolabeling with OKM5 revealed that CD36 is present to a variable degree on keratinocytes in normal skin. Differential changes in the pattern of keratinocyte expression occurred between irritants, in a manner that suggested that the CD36 antigen does not act as an adhesion molecule in lCD, but rather that its expression is related to the proliferative state of the epidermis. The results of this study demonstrate that immune-associated antigens are selectively expressed on the surface of keratinocytes in 48-h ICD biopsies, implying that these cells play an important regulatory role in the development of the inflammatory response to irritant chemicals

Using culturally significant birds to guide the timing of prescribed fires in the Klamath Siskiyou Bioregion

Historically, wildfire and tribal burning practices played important roles in shaping ecosystems throughout the Klamath Siskiyou Bioregion of northern California and southern Oregon. Over the past several decades, there has been increased interest in the application of fire for forest management through the implementation of prescribed fires within habitats that are used by a diversity of migrant and resident land birds. While many bird species may benefit from habitat enhancements associated with wildfires, cultural burning, and prescribed fire, individuals may face direct or indirect harm. In this study, we analyzed the timing of breeding and molting in 11 species of culturally significant land birds across five ecologically distinct regions of northern California and southern Oregon to explore the potential timeframes that these bird species may be vulnerable to wildland fires (wildfire, prescribed fire, or cultural burning). We estimated that these selected species adhered to a breeding season from April 21 to August 23 and a molting season from June 30 to October 7 based on bird capture data collected between 1992 and 2014. Within these date ranges, we found that breeding and molting seasons of resident and migratory bird species varied temporally and spatially throughout our study region. Given this variability, spring fires that occur prior to April 21 and fall fires that occur after October 7 may reduce the potential for direct and indirect negative impacts on these culturally significant birds across the region. This timing corresponds with some Indigenous ecocultural burning practices that are aligned with traditionally observed environmental cues relating to patterns of biological phenology, weather, and astronomy. We detail the timing of breeding and molting seasons more specific to regions and species, and estimate 75%, 50%, and 25% quartiles for each season to allow for greater flexibility in planning the timing of prescribed fires and cultural burning, or regarding the potential implications of wildfires. The results of our study may serve as an additional resource for tribal members and cultural practitioners (when examined within the context of Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge) and forest and wildland fire managers to promote stable populations of culturally significant bird species within fire-dependent forest systems