Ethical Considerations for the Clinical Oncologist in an Era of Oncology Drug Shortages

Shortages of injectable drugs affect many cancer patients and providers in the U.S. today. Scholars and policymakers have recently begun to devote increased attention to these issues, but only a few tangible resources exist to guide clinical oncologists in developing strategies for dealing with drug shortages on a recurring basis. This article discusses existing information from the scholarly literature, policy analyses, and other relevant sources and seeks to provide practical ethical guidance to the broad audience of oncology professionals who are increasingly confronted with such cases in their practice. We begin by providing a brief overview of the history, causes, and regulatory context of oncology drug shortages in the U.S., followed by a discussion of ethical frameworks that have been proposed in this setting. We conclude with practical recommendations for ethical professional behavior in these increasingly common and challenging situations

Structure and Barrier to Methyl Group Internal Rotation for (CF₃)₂CFCF₂OCH₃ and Its Isomer n-C₄F₉OCH₃ (HFE-7100)

The hydrofluoroether C 4F 9OCH 3 (methoxynonafluorobutane, HFE-7100) has been studied by chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy as vapor from the liquid participates in a supersonic expansion of argon. Two isomers are present, (CF 3) 2CFCF 2OCH 3 and n-C 4F 9OCH 3, and in each case the rotational spectra of only one, dominating, conformer has been assigned. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants, and barriers to methyl group internal rotation for the observed species have been experimentally determined for the first time. We note that Rays asymmetry parameter for the (CF 3) 2CFCF 2OCH 3 isomer is 0.007 083(1), indicating almost perfect asymmetry. Also, electronic structure calculations show an extremely short C(frame)-O ether bond length of 1.337

¹¹⁷Sn and ¹¹⁹Sn Hyperfine Structure in the Rotational Spectrum of Tin Monosulfide Recorded Using Laser Ablation-source Equipped, Chirped-pulse Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy

Tin metal has been ablated with pulsed radiation from a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm). Carbonyl sulfide, diluted in high pressure argon, has been pulsed into the resultant Sn plasma. One of the results of this experiment has been the production of SnS. These events have allowed a rotational spectrum of tin monosulfide to be studied using a chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. the resolution of the spectrum obtained was sufficient to observe hyperfine structure from the 117Sn and 119Sn-containing SnS molecules. Tin nuclear spin-rotation hyperfine constants are reported for the first time

Chirped-pulse Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy of Perfluoroiodoethane

The pure rotational spectrum of perfluoroiodoethane between 8.0 and 11.9 GHz has been measured on a search accelerated, correct intensity Fourier transform microwave (SACI-FTMW) spectrometer. the spectra is dense with 247 measured transitions in the given region. Only the anti conformer was observed for which rotational constants are reported. Nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants due to the iodine-127 were determined and are reported. Also, two dipole forbidden/quadrupole allowed Δ J = 2 transitions were observed in the spectra. the observation of these transitions has been rationalized on the basis of near degeneracies between energy levels connected by χab

Conformational Energies of C₄F₉OC₂H₅ (HFE-7200)

A chirp Fourier transform microwave spectrometer has been used to record the rotational spectra of two isomers of the hydrofluoroether C4F9OC2H5 (ethoxynonafluorobutane also known as HFE-7200) between 7.8 and 16.2 GHz. the target compound was spectroscopically examined as it participated in a supersonic expansion of argon. Four separate rotational spectra have been identified amongst the congested data. Spectroscopic parameters are presented for each species. the structures of all four species have been identified by exploring the multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces using quantum chemical calculations

CHIRPED PULSE FOURIER TRANSFORM MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY OF SnCl

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle \#305070, Denton, Tx 76203-5017, U.S.ATin metal has been laser ablated with the pulsed fundamental output of a Nd:YAG laser. Chlorine gas dissolved in argon was pulsed into the products of this ablation event. One outcome of this has been the formation of SnCl entrained in a supersonic expansion. The expansion occured between the horn antenna of a chirped pulse, Fourier transform microwave spectrometer and accordingly the pure rotational spectra of SnCl, $X^2\Pi_r$, has been recorded for the first time between 8 and 18 GHz. Spectroscopic constants will be presented

A Conformational Study of Butyryl Chloride Using Chirped Pulse Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations

The pure rotational spectrum of butyryl chloride has been recorded between 8 and 16 GHz using a chirped pulse, Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. the transitions recorded were assigned to two different conformers which have previously been designated syn-gauche and syn-anti. Quantum chemical calculations have produced rotational constants in good agreement with those obtained from the observed spectra. For the syn-gauche conformer the τ1 (CCCO) dihedral angle is calculated to be 10° and the τ2 (CCCC) dihedral angle is calculated to be 70°. For the syn-anti conformer τ1 (CCCO) is calculated to be 0° and τ2 (CCCC) is calculated to be 180°. For both MP2 and M06-2X methods with 6-311G** basis sets the syn-gauche conformer is calculated to be marginally lower in energy than the syn-anti conformer. the resolution of the experiments was sufficient to resolve hyperfine structure from the 35Cl and 37Cl nuclei in both conformers, and in all cases the full Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling tensors have been determined for the first time

Chirped Pulse Fourier Transform Microwave Spectroscopy of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-iodopropane

The pure rotational spectra of the two lowest energy conformers of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-iodopropane have been investigated between the frequency limits of 7.5 and 16 GHz using chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to aid the spectral analyses. For the trans–trans conformer, which is calculated to be the lowest in energy, a total of 135 transitions were recorded. For the gauche–gauche conformer a total of 286 transitions were recorded. in both cases the complete iodine nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor has been determined