Current and Prospective of Breast Cancer Biomarkers

Biomarkers have shown great promise over the past decade the process of drug development more effective and have become an integral part of diagnosis of diseases. Biosensors were integrated with biomarker detection and point-of-care detection for signal amplification, high specificity and sensitivity, rapid response time, low cost, simplicity and multi-analytical testing. In order to detect more sensitively, these particular biomarkers have been explored with the possibility of real-time measurements in order to develop simple and compact systems which can analyze complex specimens. Various biosensors including electrochemical biosensors have recently been developed based on disease-specific biomarkers in the diagnosis of cancer disease. The main objective of the book chapter is to review research with new materials/methods in electrochemical biosensing techniques to detection of breast cancer biomarkers and evaluating latest techniques for detection of important analytes in real samples. In this book chapter, the recent development of electrochemical biosensors of breast cancer biomarkers will be reviewed. Furthermore, recent and future trend application of breast cancer biomarkers will be discussed

The Phytochemical Composition of Medicinal Plants: Brazilian Semi-Arid Region (Caatinga)

Carnauba wax, the most important vegetable wax under the economic and extracted from the leaves of the carnauba (Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore), is extensively applied in food due to its physiochemical characteristics with a majority of esters. p-Methoxycinnamic acid diesters obtained from the ceriferous powder of carnauba wax (PCO-C) have been associated with biological actions. However, being a versatile product, many types of research have been carried out seeking to expand the possibilities of applications of this raw material. Furthermore, different experimental studies on the pharmacological activities have also been undertaken in recent years and have tested various biological activities, such as hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects in mice. Therefore, in this book chapter, it is reviewing the development of a process of extraction of 4-hydroxycinnamic acid diesters of carnauba wax powder and investigates their biological actions and physical and chemical characteristics

Development and evaluation of electro analytical methods of antioxidant capacity

Submitted by Cássia Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-05-19T12:27:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin - 2016.pdf: 9705883 bytes, checksum: 750508198f2865e073cf36b649344178 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5)Rejected by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]), reason: on 2016-05-19T12:31:22Z (GMT)Submitted by Cássia Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-05-19T12:48:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin - 2016.pdf: 9705883 bytes, checksum: 750508198f2865e073cf36b649344178 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2016-05-19T13:11:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin - 2016.pdf: 9705883 bytes, checksum: 750508198f2865e073cf36b649344178 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-19T13:11:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin - 2016.pdf: 9705883 bytes, checksum: 750508198f2865e073cf36b649344178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESThis study investigated the antioxidant activity using biosensors based on carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with crude extract of laccase (Pycnoporus sanguineus, activity 2019 U L-1) in different compositions. The biosensor consists of carbon nanotubes activated with DNA (CPEL-DNA: CN) showed the best sensitivity level, 0.0549 μA / μM and 1.2 uM detection limit (LOD) in the concentration range of 20-140 μM of rutin. This biosensor showed excellent stability over 10 days and reproducibility (RSD <5%). This biosensor was used to determine the total amount of phenol in coffee samples (expressed by the equivalent rutin) using electroanalytical technique. For the evaluation of its detection capability, the results were compared with other electroanalytical techniques using analytical basis as samples of commercial coffee from different countries. The CPL-DNA: CN was used to determine the total amount of phenol in coffee samples (expressed by the equivalent rutin). Thus, it was possible to propose the CPL as an analytical tool for the detection of phenols. In this research, we developed several studies using different CPE to investigate the antioxidant natural product profile such as coffee samples, dry extracts of acerola, obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV),) differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV), which allowed to conclude classes of antioxidants present in the samples. The quantitative determination of these compounds was performed using the standard addition method by differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical index (EI) has been proposed for estimating the oxidizing potential between different samples. Carbon paste electrode was also investigated using the different quality control samples commercialized produced from acerola employing DPV for the quantification of ascorbic acid (AA) in all samples, where the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.31 and 0.96 μM and with excellent recovery between 97.4 to 102.2% The DPPH tests were used to compare the antioxidant activity in coffee and acerola samples. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to estimate the antioxidant activity of rutin from coffee samples. These methods proposed had advantages such as simplicity of sample preparation and the speed of the analysis of antioxidant capacity.Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de atividade antioxidante em amostras de acerola, café, bem como de outros extratos secos de frutos vermelhos, empregando-se eletrodos convencionais de pasta de carbono (EPC), bem como biossensores de EPC modificados com extrato bruto de lacase (EPCL), partindo de Pycnoporus sanguineus (atividade 2019 U L-1) em diferentes composições com e sem uso de agentes modificadores, visando avaliar melhor sistema. Para além consolidar o uso de métodos eletroanalíticos, i.e. voltametria cíclica (VC), voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ) e pulso diferencial (VDP), na análise de produtos naturais, seja para avaliar perfil antioxidante, seja para inferir sobre classes de antioxidantes presentes nas amostras, pode-se neste estudo avaliar o papel de diferentes agentes modificadores. O biossensor constituído de nanotubos de carbono ativado com DNA (EPCL-DNA) apresentou o melhor nível de sensibilidade 0,0549 μA/μM e um limite de detecção (LOD) de 1,2 μM no intervalo de concentração de 20-140 μM de rutina. Além disso, o biossensor mostrou ter uma excelente estabilidade ao longo de 10 dias e reprodutibilidade (RSD < 5%). Para a avaliação da sua capacidade de detecção, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outras técnicas eletroanalíticas usando como base analítica amostras do café comercial de diferentes países. O EPCL-DNA foi empregado para determinar a quantidade de fenol total nas amostras de café (expressa pelo equivalente de rutina). Com isso, foi possível propor os EPCL como ferramenta analítica para a detecção dos fenóis. A determinação quantitativa desses compostos foi realizada através da construção de curvas de calibração para VPD e o índice eletroquímico foi proposto para estimar o potencial antioxidante entre diferentes amostras. Também foi investigado o uso de EPC para o controle de qualidade de diferentes produtos obtidos a partir da acerola, empregando VPD para a quantificação de ácido ascórbico (AA) em todas as amostras, onde os limites de detecção (LD) e o Limite de quantificação (LQ) foi de 0,31 e 0,96 μM respectivamente e com uma excelente taxa de recuperação entre 97,4-102,2%. Os ensaios de DPPH foram utilizados para comparar a atividade antioxidante nas amostras de café e acerola. O método de Folin-Ciocalteu foi usado para estimar a atividade antioxidante da rutina nas amostras de café. Pode concluir-se que os métodos propostos apresentaram vantagens, como a simplicidade na preparação das amostras e a rapidez do ensaio da capacidade antioxidante

Antidiabetic effects of galactomannans from Adenanthera pavonina L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of galactomannans extracted from Adenanthera pavonina's L. seeds (GAP) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. Methods: The preliminary galactomannan yield from Adenanthera pavonina L. plant and extraction products composition were evaluated. Various chemical characterization methods like thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography have been employed to characterize the extracted galactomannan. The mice were divided in four groups: Normal control, diabetic control, GAP (1% and 2%) treated and standard drug treated groups. Diabetic mice received treatment daily for 30 d. Diabetes was induced by STZ at a single dose of 120 mg/kg. Body weight, water and food intake, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured. Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver were performed to evaluate STZ-induced tissue injuries. Results: The isolated and extracted galactomannan from Adenanthera pavonina was confirmed by various chemical characterization methods. GAP exhibited a 1.46:1 mannose: galactose ratio, and high molar weight. Both GAP enriched food decreased glycaemia, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol. GAP didn't interfere on food intakes or body weight, although it increased water intake. Furthermore, the relative liver weight indicated toxic galactomannan effects on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in STZ induced diabetes. Conclusions: It is concluded that GAP is a natural product that contains potent galactomannan and is useful in preventing and treating diabetes

Antihypercholesterolemic Effects of Fruit Aqueous Extract of Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore in Mice Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia

The present objective of the investigation is to evaluate the antihypercholesterolemic activity of the aqueous fruit pulp extract (APE) of Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore (Arecaceae family). Various chemical characterization methods like thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, and molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography have been employed to characterize the extracted pectin. The present study demonstrated that hypercholesterolemic diet (HD) created hypercholesterolemia, caused significant increases in body weight, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein, and caused decreases in high-density lipoprotein in serum compared with SD group. Two doses (APE 150 and 300 mg/Kg b.w./day) were administered to hyperlipidemic mice for 90 days. APE reversed body weight changes, changed serum lipids to normal values, and significantly inhibited the changes of lipid peroxidation and inflammation in the liver tissues. The renal parameters analyzed (urea and creatinine) altered by diet were reverted to normal values. Our results revealed that aqueous fruit pulp extracts of carnauba reduced hypercholesterolemia showing a potential preventive effect against cardiovascular diseases without side effects cause

Antihyperglycemic effect of Passiflora glandulosa cav. fruit rinds flour in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of administration of Passiflora glandulosa (P. glandulosa) fruit rinds flour on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening and parameters such as centesimal composition and brine shrimp toxicity were evaluated. For in vivo study Swiss female mice were divided into four groups: NC-normal control; DC-diabetic control animals receiving saline; MET-diabetic animals receiving metformin (200 mg/kg); PFRF-diabetic animals receiving P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour (200 mg/kg). All of them were treated for 28 d. STZ was used in a single dose of 120 mg/kg to establish diabetic models. Body weight, water and food intake, fasting blood glucose were measured. Histopathological analysis of pancreas and liver were performed to evaluate STZ-induced tissue injuries. Results: Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavanones and triterpenoids. The P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour was non-toxic by the brine shrimp test. The fruit rinds flour also reduced the loss of body weight and significantly decreased food intake in the diabetic mice. Additionally, a significant reduction in blood glucose was observed for 15 d and this was maintained on 21 d and 28 d when compared with diabetic mice. Furthermore, the P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour has a favourable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas in STZ induced diabetes. Conclusions: It is concluded that P. glandulosa fruit rinds flour is a natural product that contains potent antioxidant compounds and presents good prospects for the improvement of diabetic mellitus by reducing serum glucose levels

Characterization of Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl bark root extract and evaluation of cytotoxic effect on human tumor cell lines

Objective: To evaluate the chemical components of active extract from Cnidoscolus quercifolius root bark and its cytotoxic potential against several tumor strains. Methods: The high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the extract were used to distinguish the existence of possible functional groups in the root bark extract. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of methanol extract on human colon cancer cell lines was evaluated using OVCAR-8, SF-295, HCT-116, HL-60 strains and the samples were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Results: The analysis of nuclear magnetic spectra of the active chloroform fraction revealed the presence of absorptions bands correspondent to a mixture of favelines such as neofavelanone, deoxofaveline or methyl-faveline, which structures were confirmed by ultraviolet spectra upon high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection analysis. The active fraction showed cytotoxic effects in the tested strains, HCT-116, SF-295, OVCAR-8 and HL-60 cells with IC50 of 72 hours ranging from 4.95 to 15.23 μg/mL. Conclusions: The results suggest that the substances present in faveleira (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) root bark extract have a cytotoxic potential against several tumor lines, showing a broader antitumour potential, and in addition no adverse to healthy cells. Therefore, the root bark extract of Cnidoscolus quercifolius has a possibility of use for anticarcinogenic therapies