Flow chart for patient selection.

<p>HAART: Highly active antiretroviral therapy.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population (N = 112).

<p>Note: HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy. IQR: interquartile range. CD4+ lymphocyte count nadir: the lowest CD4+ lymphocyte count while in care. ADE: AIDS-defining event. IDU: history of injection drug use as a risk factor for HIV infection acquisition. HCV: hepatitis C virologic status prior to first HAART initiation. NA: not available. ART: antiretroviral therapy. PI: protease inhibitor. NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.</p>*<p>The reference group.</p>a<p>Continuous data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical data were compared by 2-sided Fisher's exact test.</p

Unadjusted HIV-1 RNA change.

<p>Unadjusted HIV-1 RNA following first HAART initiation for each woman (gray lines) and average decline (solid black line) by timing of HAART initiation.</p

Estimated rate of HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte change.

<p>The estimated rate of HIV-1 RNA decline and CD4+ lymphocyte increase (small circles) and 95% confidence interval (vertical bars) by pregnancy group over the 6 months following HAART initiation, adjusted for baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA, age, race, CD4+ lymphocyte count nadir, prior ADE, prior use of non-HAART ART, HAART type, prior pregnancies, and date of HAART start. Horizontal lines represent <i>p-</i>values in a pair-wise comparison (women who started HAART during pregnancy as a reference). Left panel: The estimated rate of HIV-1 RNA decline: −0.32 log₁₀ copies/mL (95% CI −1.45, 0.81) in women who started HAART before pregnancy, −0.35 log₁₀ copies/mL (95% CI −0.57, −0.13) in women who started HAART during pregnancy, and 0.10 log₁₀ copies/mL (95% CI −0.46, 0.66) in women who started HAART after pregnancy. Right panel: The estimated rate of CD4+ lymphocyte increase: estimates were 155.8 cells/mm³ (95% CI −107.6, 419.2) in women who started HAART before pregnancy, 183.8 cells/mm³ (95% CI 110.8, 256.9) in women who started HAART during pregnancy, and −70.8 cells/mm³ (95% CI −326.8, 185.3) in women who started HAART after pregnancy.</p

Unadjusted CD4+ lymphocyte count change.

<p>Unadjusted CD4+ lymphocyte count following first HAART initiation for each woman (gray lines) and average increase (solid black line) by timing of HAART initiation.</p

Multivariable linear mixed effects models: independent predictors of HIV-1 RNA levels (log₁₀ copies/mL) and CD4+ lymphocyte counts (cells/mm³) during 6 months following first HAART initiation^*^&.

<p>Note: 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy. CD4+ lymphocyte count nadir: the lowest CD4+ lymphocyte count while in care. ADE: AIDS-defining event. Non-HAART ART: non-HAART antiretroviral therapy.</p>*<p>Mixed effect model adjusted for baseline CD4+ lymphocyte count and HIV-1 RNA level, age, race, CD4+ lymphocyte count nadir, prior ADE, prior use of non-HAART ART, HAART type, prior pregnancies, and date of HAART initiation.</p>&<p>The reference group was women who started HAART during pregnancy.</p>**<p>Interaction terms are equal to the difference in slopes of HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte changes between women who started HAART during pregnancy and those who started HAART before or after pregnancy.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curve of progression to new AIDS-defining event or death by timing of HAART initiation.

<p>The numbers of women at risk each year are also given.</p