Attenuation of Haematological and Biochemical Alterations in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Using Ethanol Extract from <i>Annona senegalensis</i> Persoon (<i>Annonaceae</i>) Leaves

Chronic hyperglycemia brought on by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both is a typical symptom of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the ethanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis for its potential hypoglycaemic, anti-oxidative, and haematological activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, as well as the effects of the extract on the lipid profile, liver, and kidney functions of the rats. Following diabetic induction and treatment of the rats, standard procedures were used in determining the red blood cell/erythrocyte count, white blood cell/leukocyte count, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate), lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein), and kidney and liver function parameters (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, total protein, total bilirubin serum levels, creatinine, and urea serum levels). There was a reduction in the hyperglycaemic index and significant (p + and high-density lipoprotein were, respectively, significantly (p p < 0.05) decrease in the kidney and liver function parameters. The study opens the door for further studies, including the elucidation of the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological effects

A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Abstract Background Rapid emergence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus has resulted to difficulty in treatment of infections caused by such strains. The aim of this meta-analysis study was to determine the pooled prevalence of resistance of S. aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria. Methods Literature search for studies was done using Google scholar, PubMed, Science direct, and African Journal Online. The prevalence of S. aureus resistance to different antibiotics was evaluated using the meta-analysis proportion command in MedCalc software version 20.0 adopting a rand effect model. I2 statistic and Egger test in MedCalc was used to evaluate the heterogeneity and the presence of publication bias among studies respectively. Results A total of 40, 682 studies were retrieved through the database search of which 98 studies met the study inclusion criteria. Prevalence of resistance of S. aureus to different antibiotics ranges from 13 to 82%. Results showed a very high degree of resistance to penicillin G (82% [95% confidence interval (CI) 61%, 0.96%]), cloxacillin (77% [95% CI 64%, 88%]), amoxacillin (74% [95% CI 66%, 81%]), cefuroxime (69% [95% CI 51%, 85%]), ampicillin (68% [95% CI 53%, 81%]). Moderately resistance to erythromycin (47% [95% CI 40%, 53%]), chloramphenicol (47% [95% CI 37%, 56%]), methicillin (46% [95% CI 37%, 56%]), ofloxacin (24% [95% CI 18%, 31%]) and rifampicin 24% [95% CI 6%, 48%]). Low resistance was observed in vancomycin 13% (95% CI 7%, 21%). For each individual meta-analysis, high heterogeneity was observed with I2 range (79.36–98.60%) at p-values ≤ 0.01). Egger’s tests for regression intercept in funnel plots indicated no evidence of publication bias. Conclusion This meta-analysis study established that S. aureus in Nigeria has developed resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as the beta-lactam class antibiotics, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin. Hence it is imperative to develop programs to promote rational use of antimicrobial agents, infection prevention and control to reduce the incidence of antimicrobial resistance

Additional file 15 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 15: S15. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to clindamyci

Additional file 13 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 13: S13. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to gentamyci

Additional file 9 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 9: S9. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to ciprofloxaci

Additional file 2 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 2: S2. Egger’s test of publication bia

Additional file 14 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 14: S14. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to streptomyci

Additional file 10 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 10: S10. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to norfloxaci

Additional file 7 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 7: S7. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to cefuroxim

Additional file 12 of A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria

Additional file 12: S12. Forest plot of the prevalence of S. aureus resistance to erythromyci