Sub-Kelvin resistance thermometer

A device capable of accurate temperature measurement down to 0.01 K of a particular object is discussed. The device is comprised of the following: a heat sink wafer; a first conducting pad bonded near one end of the heat sink wafer; a second conducting pad bonded near the other end of the heat sink wafer; and an oblong doped semiconductor crystal such as germanium. The oblong doped semiconductor crystal has a third conducting pad bonded on its bottom surface with the oblong doped semiconductor crystal bonded to the heat sink wafer by having the fourth conducting pad bonded to the first conducting pad. A wire is bonded between the second and third conducting pads. Current and voltage wires bonded to the first and second conducting pads measure the change in resistance of the oblong doped semiconductor crystal; this indicates the temperature of the object whose temperature is to be measured

Trends in Asylum Migration to Industrialized Countries: 1990-2001

asylum migration, industrialized countries, root causes, statistical trends

The role of social science in the construction of ethnic minorities in Australia

Paper for the Conference Der Beitrag der Wissenschaften zur Konstitution ethnischer Minderheiten , Zentrum fur interdiziplinare Forschung, Universitat Bielefeld, 13-16 September 1987

A new agenda in multiculturalism?

Paper for the Conference: Whither Multiculturalism, Institute for Immigration and Ethnic Studies, La Trobe University, Melbourne, 4 April, 1987

The inherent subjectivity of the apparently objective in research on ethnicity and class

Policy making in the area of immigration and ethnic affairs relies increasingly on the findings of social science research. A new conventional wisdom is emerging in sociological and economic studies. Its claim to objectivity is based on the use of a methodology which emphasises the use of sophisticated statistical methods, especially multiple regression models. The present paper suggests that this apparently objective approach is actually based on a set of of subjectivist and voluntaristic assumptions on: the nature of society, the character of the groups being examined, and on the practice and logic of scientific research. This type of analysis leads to the reconstitution of the ethnic group through the use of dummy variables, which mask many of the specific structural features of labour migrants. Moreover, the emphasis on multiple regression models makes it necessary to quantitify the variables to be examined. This involves a subjective decision by the researcher: either to give a numerical value to something for which there is no single correct form of quantification, or to exclude it altogether from the analysis. The approach is based on a human capital model, in which migrants are seen only as economic subjects in a rational market system. This blocks historical understanding of the way labour relations function in capitalist societies, in particular of the significance of labour migration, and of the role of segmentation of the labour market according to ethnciity and gender in class relations

Cryogenics program overview

An overview of the cryogenics program of the Goddard Space Flight Center is given in viewgraph form. Goddard's role and the flight programs requiring cryogenics are outlined. Diagrams are given of the Cosmic Background Explorer, the Broad Band X-Ray Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, a liquid cryogenic cooler for the Shuttle Glow Experiment, a liquid helium dewar, and the X-ray spectrometer on the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility

The Goddard Space Flight Center mechanical cooler program

The Philips Stirling Cooler Program will ensure that a cooler is available to meet NASA's needs in the 40 to 120K temperature range in the 1990's. The Creare turbomachinery based cooler may provide an improved cooler for the 40 to 120K range. The design of advanced multistage coolers for use down to 2K will begin in 1988. Requirements, the history of the Stirling cooler, features of the photoflight cooler, advantages of the Philips cooler, mechanical reliability, and potential advantages of the Creare reverse Brayton cycle cooler are presented in viewgraph form

The global economic crisis and migration: temporary interruption or structural change?

Implications of the crisis on international migration movements. New forms of governance of international migratio