BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES FOR ACCEPTING EU FUNDS CAN EU FUNDS HELP IN DEVELOPING BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ECONOMY, AND HOW TO MAKE THEM AVAILABLE TO BUSINESS ENTITIES

The main question the paper wants to answer is can EU funds help in developing B&H economy, and how to make them available to business entities. Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the least developed countries in Europe, and it is a country that has not progressed when it comes to transition process and the EU accession. The conducted research on management in companies (corporate management), on officials in government bodies and parliamentary parties (state management), and also on students, point to possible solutions; how to stop the negative trends in business, employment and poverty, as well as how to speed up the process of the Euro Atlantic integration of B&H. One of the basic results of this research concludes that B&H presence in Europe is not a problem, but the fact that Europe (its value, social and economic systems) is not present in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Structural reforms and faster transition can create conditions for a faster economic development, and using EU funds for those purposes and (especially) for economic development can simultaneously be a motivation for a faster social and economic transition and the accession of B&H to the EU. Management in private companies are undoubtedly oriented in that direction, they expect the right preconditions and environment in order to be able to apply for EU funds. Those possibilities will mostly depend on the capability and efficiency of the state management . Therefore, there must be a persistent program for increasing the efficiency of the state management in B&H and for speeding up the EU accession process

<i>De Novo</i> Assembly of the Perennial Ryegrass Transcriptome Using an RNA-Seq Strategy

<div><p>Background</p><p>Perennial ryegrass is a highly heterozygous outbreeding grass species used for turf and forage production. Heterozygosity can affect de-Bruijn graph assembly making <i>de novo</i> transcriptome assembly of species such as perennial ryegrass challenging. Creating a reference transcriptome from a homozygous perennial ryegrass genotype can circumvent the challenge of heterozygosity. The goals of this study were to perform RNA-sequencing on multiple tissues from a highly inbred genotype to develop a reference transcriptome. This was complemented with RNA-sequencing of a highly heterozygous genotype for SNP calling.</p><p>Result</p><p><i>De novo</i> transcriptome assembly of the inbred genotype created 185,833 transcripts with an average length of 830 base pairs. Within the inbred reference transcriptome 78,560 predicted open reading frames were found of which 24,434 were predicted as complete. Functional annotation found 50,890 transcripts with a BLASTp hit from the Swiss-Prot non-redundant database, 58,941 transcripts with a Pfam protein domain and 1,151 transcripts encoding putative secreted peptides. To evaluate the reference transcriptome we targeted the high-affinity K⁺ transporter gene family and found multiple orthologs. Using the longest unique open reading frames as the reference sequence, 64,242 single nucleotide polymorphisms were found. One thousand sixty one open reading frames from the inbred genotype contained heterozygous sites, confirming the high degree of homozygosity.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Our study has developed an annotated, comprehensive transcriptome reference for perennial ryegrass that can aid in determining genetic variation, expression analysis, genome annotation, and gene mapping.</p></div

Parsimony tree of HKT gene family.

<p>Peptide sequences from Rice (OsHKT), Arabidopsis (AtHKT), Brachypodium (BdHKT) and predicted HKT peptide sequences from perianal ryegrass. Component names associate with predicted peptide sequences are after the bracket (}). OsHKT labels in red are classified as subfamily 1, OsHKT labels in blue are classified as subfamily 2. Bootstrap values are shown at the nodes.</p

Heat map of predicted secreted signaling peptide expression in six tissues.

<p>Each row represents a predicted secreted signaling peptide, while each column represents the six tissues used in this study. The color key represents the median centered log2 TMM-normalized FPKM values. Red indicates a high level of expression, black indicates no change in expression, and green indicates low level of expression.</p

<i>De novo</i> assembly summary.

<p><i>De novo</i> assembly summary.</p

Summary of SNP discovery data.

<p>Summary of SNP discovery data.</p

Overview of Functional annotation output of inbred P226/135/16 reference transcriptome.

<p>Overview of Functional annotation output of inbred P226/135/16 reference transcriptome.</p

Expression profiles of differentially expressed predicted signaling peptides.

<p>The X-axis is the six tissues and the Y-axis is the median centered log2 expression. (A) 314 transcripts show high expression in root tissue. (B) 7 transcripts show high expression in meristem tissue. (C) 44 transcripts show high expression in both inflorescence tissue, (D) 24 transcripts show high expression in inflorescence, mature leaf, and stem tissue.</p

Plant GO-Slim terms associated with inbred perennial ryegrass reference transcriptome.

<p>Horizontal bar chart of the distribution of plant GO slim terms associated with the inbred genotype P226/135/16 transcripts represented in biological process, cellular component and molecular function categories. X axis is a logarithmic scale.</p

Adult patients with difficulty swallowing oral dosage forms: a systematic review of the quantitative literature

The aim of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise the available evidence regarding solid oral dosage forms (SODFs), e.g., tablets, and challenges regarding the oral administration of medicine to inpatients in a variety of healthcare settings such as (1) hospitals, (2) nursing homes and (3) long-term stay units (LTSUs). A literature search was undertaken in September 2021 and repeated in June 2023 in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and ProQuest. A Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet was devised to collate the following data from each eligible study: study author and year, country, number of participants, title, duration (follow-up period), study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, method and data collection, relevant outcomes, and key findings. A total of 3023 records were identified, with 12 articles being included in the final systematic review. Seven of the twelve studies reported on the prevalence of difficulties swallowing SODFs, which varied from 10–34.2%. Nine of the twelve studies reported the methods used to manipulate SODFs, with the most reported method being tablet crushing. Given the prevalence of swallowing difficulties and the subsequent crushing of medicines in response to this, it is evident that concerns should be raised regarding the potential for a medication administration error to occur.</p