Unadjusted bivariate and adjusted bivariate models between vision variables and tests of muscle function.

Plots show Beta (95% CI) for muscle function outcomes compared at levels of discrete visual function predictors (visual acuity (TIF)</p

Association of individual vision variables with tests of muscle function.

Association of individual vision variables with tests of muscle function.</p

Unadjusted bivariate and adjusted bivariate and multivariable models between multiple vision variables and traditional measures of physical performance.

Plots show Beta (95% CI) for physical performance outcomes compared at levels of discrete visual function predictors (self-reported poor vision, macular degeneration) or for a 1-unit difference in continuous predictors (logMAR visual acuity, -Log contrast sensitivity). Panel 1: Bivariate Unadjusted presents the unadjusted association between each measure of visual function and physical performance. Panel 2: Bivariate Adjusted presents the association between each measure of visual function and physical performance, adjusted for clinical and demographic covariates (age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, CESD-10). Panel 3: Multivariable Adjusted presents the association between multiple measures of visual function (self-reported poor vision, logMAR visual acuity, -log contrast sensitivity) and physical performance adjusted for clinical and demographic covariates (age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, CESD-10). Panel 4: Multivariable Adjusted + MD presents the association between multiple measures of visual function (self-reported poor vision, logMAR visual acuity, -log contrast sensitivity, plus macular degeneration (MD)) and physical performance, adjusted for clinical and demographic covariates (age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, CESD-10). The physical performance outcomes are A) short physical performance battery (SPPB) B) gait speed, C) chair stand pace, and D) balance time. *-1 unit log contrast sensitivity.</p

Unadjusted bivariate and adjusted bivariate and multivariable models between multiple vision variables and more challenging tests of physical performance and tests of muscle function.

Plots show Beta (95% CI) for physical function outcomes compared at levels of discrete visual function predictors (self-reported poor vision, macular degeneration) or for a 1- unit difference in continuous predictors (logMAR visual acuity, -log contrast sensitivity). Panel 1: Bivariate Unadjusted presents the unadjusted association between each measure of visual function and physical performance or muscle function. Panel 2: Bivariate Adjusted presents the association between each measure of visual function and physical performance or muscle function, adjusted for clinical and demographic covariates (age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, CESD-10). Panel 3: Multivariable Adjusted presents the association between multiple measures of visual function (self-reported poor vision, logMAR visual acuity, -log contrast sensitivity) and physical performance or muscle function, adjusted for clinical and demographic covariates (age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, CESD-10). Panel 4: Multivariable Adjusted + MD presents the association between multiple measures of visual function (self-reported poor vision, logMAR visual acuity, -log contrast sensitivity, plus macular degeneration (MD)) and physical performance or muscle function, adjusted for clinical and demographic covariates (age, gender, race, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, CESD-10). The physical performance and muscle function outcomes are A) expanded short physical performance battery (eSPPB) B) narrow walk speed, C) stair climb time, D) four-square step test time, E) leg extension peak power, F) leg extension strength, and G) grip strength. *-1 unit log contrast sensitivity.</p

Association of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with baseline sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Association of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with baseline sociodemographic and clinical variables.</p

Unadjusted bivariate and adjusted bivariate models between vision variables and traditional measures of physical performance.

Plots show Beta (95% CI) for physical performance outcomes compared at levels of discrete visual function predictors (visual acuity (TIF)</p

Unadjusted bivariate and adjusted bivariate models between vision variables and more challenging tests of physical performance.

Plots show Beta (95% CI) for physical function outcomes compared at levels of discrete visual function predictors (visual acuity (TIF)</p

Multivariable association of multiple vision variables with more challenging tests of physical performance.

Multivariable association of multiple vision variables with more challenging tests of physical performance.</p

Multivariable association of multiple vision variables with traditional measures of physical performance.

Multivariable association of multiple vision variables with traditional measures of physical performance.</p

Association of individual vision variables with more challenging measures of physical performance.

Association of individual vision variables with more challenging measures of physical performance.</p