Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes according to deciles of the overall plant-based diet Index.

<p>Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes according to deciles of the overall plant-based diet Index.</p

Hazard ratios (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes according to deciles of the healthful plant-based diet index.

<p>Hazard ratios (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes according to deciles of the healthful plant-based diet index.</p

Age-standardized baseline characteristics by deciles of the healthful plant-based diet index.

<p>Age-standardized baseline characteristics by deciles of the healthful plant-based diet index.</p

Multivariate-adjusted least-squares (LS) means of <i>z</i> score of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and relative LTL difference by categories of modifiable risk factors in women.

*<p>Model 1 was adjusted for age at blood draw and its quadratic term, postmenopausal status (yes, no), hormone replacement therapy (never, past, current), use of aspirin (<1 tablet/wk, 1–2 tablet/wk, 3–6 tablet/wk, 7–14 tablet/wk, 15+ tablet/wk), case-control status in each original studies (yes, no), and family history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or cancer (yes, no).</p>†<p>Based on model 1, these modifiable risk factors were mutually adjusted for, i.e., we mutually controlled for smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, or current smoker), body mass index (<18.5 kg/m², 18.5–24.9 kg/m², 25.0–29.9 kg/m², or ≥30 kg/m²), moderate to vigorous physical activity (≥150 minutes/week, 60–149 minutes/week, <60 minutes/week, or 0 minutes/week), AHEI diet score (in quartiles), and alcohol use (≥2 drinks/day, 1 drink/week to <2 drinks/day, <1 drink/week, or non-user).</p>‡<p>% Difference measures the change of standardized LTL for each category in proportion to the standardized LTL of the reference category for each factor after multivariate adjustment.</p>¶<p>AHEI diet score summarized intakes of <i>trans</i> fat, polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio, ratio of chicken and fish to red meat, fruits, vegetables, soy, nuts, cereal fiber, and multivitamin use.</p

Baseline characteristics^* of the study participants in the current analysis in comparison with the rest of Nurses' Health Study participants, 1990.

<p>Abbreviations: NHS, the Nurses' Health Study; BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; AHEI, alternate healthy eating index.</p>*<p>Values were age-adjusted mean±SE for continuous variables or age-adjusted proportion for categorical variables, except age <i>per se</i>.</p>†<p>The same exclusion criteria were applied to the rest NHS participants. Therefore, this group was primarily consisted of participants who responded to 1990 FFQ.</p>‡<p>Excluded by two reasons, i.e., missing values of low-risk factors (83.2%) due to non-response to 1988 or 1990 follow-up questionnaires and development of prevalent chronic diseases at baseline (16.8%).</p>§<p>Assessed by 1988 questionnaire. Moderate physical activities included walking at a brisk (3.0–3.9 MPH) or very brisk (≥4.0 MPH) pace. Vigorous physical activities included jogging (≥10 min/mile), running (<10 min/mile), bicycling, lap swimming, tennis, and calisthenics/aerobics/aerobic dance/rowing machine. All other variables were assessed using the 1990 questionnaire, which was administered primarily during blood collection.</p

Pooled hazard ratios (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes comparing extreme deciles of the plant-based diet indices, stratified by selected characteristics.

<p>Results were pooled across the three cohorts using a fixed-effects model. Adjusted for age (years), smoking status (never, past, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day]), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, or ≥27 MET-h/wk), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, or ≥15 g/d), multivitamin use (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), margarine intake (quintiles), energy intake (quintiles), baseline hypertension (yes or no), baseline hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), and BMI (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, 30–32.9, 33–34.9, 35–39.9, or ≥40 kg/m²). Also adjusted for menopause status and postmenopausal hormone use in NHS and NHS2 (premenopausal or, if postmenopausal, current, past, or never postmenopausal hormone use) and for oral contraceptive use in NHS2 (never, past, or current use). <i>p</i> trend < 0.001 for both indices across all strata. <i>p</i>-Value obtained by assigning the median value to each decile and entering this as a continuous variable in the model.</p

LS means of leukocyte telomere length <i>z</i> scores by numbers of low-risk lifestyle practices.

<p>Least-square means were adjusted for the same set of covariates for model 1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038374#pone-0038374-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Low-risk group for each lifestyle factor was defined as non-current smoking, moderate alcohol use (1 drink/week to <2 drinks/day), a healthy body weight (18.5 kg/m²≤BMI<25.0 kg/m²), exercising at moderate to vigorous intensity (≥150 minutes/week), or AHEI diet score in top two quartiles.</p

Pooled hazard ratios (95% CIs) for type 2 diabetes according to deciles of the overall, healthful, and unhealthful plant-based diet indices.

<p>Results were pooled across the three cohorts using a fixed-effects model. Adjusted for age (years), smoking status (never, past, current [1–14, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes/day]), physical activity (<3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, or ≥27 MET-h/wk), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, or ≥15 g/d), multivitamin use (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), margarine intake (quintiles), energy intake (quintiles), baseline hypertension (yes or no), baseline hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), and BMI (<21, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, 30–32.9, 33–34.9, 35–39.9, or ≥40 kg/m²). Also adjusted for menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use in NHS and NHS2 (premenopausal or, if postmenopausal, current, past, or never postmenopausal hormone use) and for oral contraceptive use in NHS2 (never, past, or current use). <i>p</i> trend < 0.001 for all indices. <i>p</i>-Value obtained by assigning the median value to each decile and entering this as a continuous variable in the model.</p

Health and lifestyle characteristics at entry to analysis (n = 1201).

<p>*Metabolic Equivalent hours.</p><p>Health and lifestyle characteristics at entry to analysis (n = 1201).</p

Multivariate-adjusted least-squares (LS) means of <i>z</i> score of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and relative LTL difference by low vs. high risk groups for each modifiable risk factor in women.

*<p>Model 1 was adjusted for the same set of covariates in model 1, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038374#pone-0038374-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p>†<p>Based on model 1, these modifiable risk factors were mutually adjusted for, i.e., we mutually controlled for smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, or current smoker), body mass index (<18.5 kg/m², 18.5–24.9 kg/m², 25.0–29.9 kg/m², or ≥30 kg/m²), moderate to vigorous physical activity (≥150 minutes/week, 60–149 minutes/week, <60 minutes/week, or 0 minutes/week), AHEI diet score (in quartiles), and alcohol use (≥2 drinks/day, 1 drink/week to <2 drinks/day, <1 drink/week, or non-user).</p>‡<p>% Difference measures the change of standardized LTL for each category in proportion to the standardized LTL of the reference category for each factor after multivariate adjustment.</p>¶<p>AHEI diet score summarized intakes of <i>trans</i> fat, polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio, ratio of chicken and fish to red meat, fruits, vegetables, soy, nuts, cereal fiber, and multivitamin use.</p