Additional file 3: of Regulatory T cells and IL10 suppress pulmonary host defense during early-life exposure to radical containing combustion derived ultrafine particulate matter

Effect of Treg depletion on IL10 levels in the lungs of EPFR exposed and influenza infected neonatal mice. IL10 levels in the lungs of Treg depleted and EPFR exposed neonatal mice at 6 dpi after infection with influenza virus (DCB/PC61/Flu) in comparison to Air/Flu, DCB/Flu, and EPFR exposed neonatal mice treated with rat IgG isotype control and infected with influenza virus (DCB/Isotype/flu). Data are plotted as means ± SEM, *p < 0.05. One-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. (DOCX 12 kb

Additional file 1: of Regulatory T cells and IL10 suppress pulmonary host defense during early-life exposure to radical containing combustion derived ultrafine particulate matter

Time-course of TNFα levels after exposure to EPFRs and influenza infection. Lungs were isolated on 1 and 4 dpe and on 1 and 6 dpi and whole lung homogenates were analyzed for TNFα levels using ELISA. TNFα was found to be below the limit of detection (1.5 pg/ml) in Air and DCB exposed lungs at 1 and 4 dpe and in Air/Flu and DCB/Flu mice at 1 dpi. Detectable levels of TNFα were found only in 3 of the DCB/Flu (n = 6) mice at 6 dpi. (TIF 18 kb

Additional file 2: of Radical containing combustion derived particulate matter enhance pulmonary Th17 inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Figure S2. WT and IL17Ra−/− mice were sensitized with OVA (ovalbumin complexed to Imject Alum) on days 0 and 14. Mice were exposed to either vehicle or MCP230 (50 μg) on protocol day 23 and challenged with OVA on days 24, 25, and 26. BAL fluid or lungs were collected on day 28. Differential cell counts of BALF cells at 5 dpe (i.e. day 28) from mice challenged with OVA and exposed to vehicle or MCP230. Data are presented as mean ± SEM of numbers of cells from 4 to 5 mice. (TIF 9277 kb

New Features of Laboratory-Generated EPFRs from 1,2-Dichlorobenzene (DCB) and 2‑Monochlorophenol (MCP)

The present research is primarily focused on investigating the characteristics of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) generated from commonly recognized aromatic precursors, namely, 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) and 2-monochlorophenol (MCP), within controlled laboratory conditions at a temperature of 230 °C, termed as DCB230 and MCP230 EPFRs, respectively. An intriguing observation has emerged during the creation of EPFRs from MCP and DCB utilizing a catalyst 5% CuO/SiO2, which was prepared through various methods. A previously proposed mechanism, advanced by Dellinger and colleagues (a conventional model), postulated a positive correlation between the degree of hydroxylation on the catalyst’s surface (higher hydroxylated, HH and less hydroxylated, LH) and the anticipated EPFR yields. In the present study, this correlation was specifically confirmed for the DCB precursor. Particularly, it was observed that increasing the degree of hydroxylation at the catalyst’s surface resulted in a greater yield of EPFRs for DCB230. The unexpected finding was the indifferent behavior of MCP230 EPFRs to the surface morphology of the catalyst, i.e., no matter whether copper oxide nanoparticles are distributed densely, sparsely, or completely agglomerated. The yields of MCP230 EPFRs remained consistent regardless of the catalyst type or preparation protocol. Although current experimental results confirm the early model for the generation of DCB EPFRs (i.e., the higher the hydroxylation is, the higher the yield of EPFRs), it is of utmost importance to closely explore the heterogeneous alternative mechanism(s) responsible for generating MCP230 EPFRs, which may run parallel to the conventional model. In this study, detailed spectral analysis was conducted using the EPR technique to examine the nature of DCB230 EPFRs and the aging phenomenon of DCB230 EPFRs while they exist as surface-bound o-semiquinone radicals (o-SQ) on copper sites. Various aspects concerning bound radicals were explored, including the hydrogen-bonding tendencies of o-semiquinone (o-SQ) radicals, the potential reversibility of hydroxylation processes occurring on the catalyst’s surface, and the analysis of selected EPR spectra using EasySpin MATLAB. Furthermore, alternative routes for EPFR generation were thoroughly discussed and compared with the conventional model