Baseline characteristics of study population during acute hantavirus infection; CRP C-reactive protein; LDH Lactate dehydrogenase; # Clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory values were taken at time of admission to hospital.

<p>Baseline characteristics of study population during acute hantavirus infection; CRP C-reactive protein; LDH Lactate dehydrogenase; # Clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory values were taken at time of admission to hospital.</p

Effect of 2DG treatment on parameters of renal function.

<p>Measurement of (A) creatinine clearance, (B) BUN clearance, and (C) uric acid clearance, in +/+ and Cy/+ rats upon treatment with 2DG or vehicle at baseline, 2.5 weeks and 5 weeks. Black, +/+ treated with vehicle; blue, +/+ treated with 2DG; red, Cy/+ treated with vehicle; green, Cy/+ treated with 2DG. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 when comparing Cy/+ 2DG and Cy/+ vehicle at each time point. ^#P<0.05, ^{# #} P<0.01 when comparing Cy/+ and +/+ group. (D) Urine albumin excretion in Cy/+ and +/+ rats after 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle. (E) SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of urine samples from Cy/+ and +/+ rats after 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle. (F) Lactate content in the kidneys of Cy/+ and +/+ rats after treatment with 2DG or vehicle.</p

Characteristics of applied antibodies.

<p>Characteristics of applied antibodies.</p

Effect of 2DG treatment on cellular signaling pathways <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>Measurements of phosphorylation levels of (A) AMPK, (B) ERK, (C) S6K, and (D) Akt using Western blot analysis in the kidneys of 10 week old +/+ and Cy/+ rats following 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle.</p

Effect of 2DG treatment on kidney weight and morphology in Han:SPRD Cy/+ rats.

<p>(A) Representative images of periodic acid-Schiff staining of kidneys from 10 week old +/+ and Cy/+ rats after 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle. (B) Ratio of total kidney weight (TKW) to body weight (BW) in 10 week old Cy/+ rats after 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle. (C). Cyst index in kidneys from Cy/+ rats after 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle. (D) Frequency distribution of the cyst size, and (E) total number of cysts, in kidneys from Cy/+ rats following 5-week treatment with 2DG or vehicle.</p

Increased glycolytic phenotype in polycystic kidney disease.

<p>(A) Intracellular ATP content in primary cell cultures of tubular epithelial cells isolated from kidneys of Cy/+ and +/+ rats. (B) Lactate concentration in the medium of primary cell cultures of tubular epithelial cells isolated from kidneys of Cy/+ and +/+ rats. (C) Cell growth of primary renal Cy/+ cells upon incubation with increasing concentrations of 2DG, as assessed by the MTS assay. (D) Intracellular ATP content in primary cell cultures of ADPKD and NHK cells. (E) Lactate concentration in the medium of primary cell cultures of ADPKD and NHK cells. (F) Effect of 2DG on cell proliferation of human ADPKD cells and control NHK cells, as quantified by BrdU assay. (G) Effect of 2DG on apoptosis of human ADPKD cells and control NHK cells, as analyzed with annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) staining using flow cytometry.</p

Patient clinical data prior to and on PD.

<p>Patient clinical data prior to and on PD.</p

Dysregulation of the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways in rat polycystic kidney disease.

<p>(A) Microarray analysis showing differential expression of genes coding for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis enzymes in Han:SPRD Cy/+ and wild-type +/+ kidneys. Upregulated genes are shown in red, and downregulated genes are shown in green. (B) Schematic diagram showing the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis cascades. In red, upregulated genes; green, downregulated genes; black, genes unchanged in kidneys from Cy/+ rats compared with wild-type +/+ kidneys. (C) Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of genes coding for key enzymes involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis in kidneys from Cy/+ rats and +/+ rats. (D) Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the hexokinase-1 (Hk1) and hexokinase-2 (Hk2) genes in primary cell cultures of human ADPKD and control NHK cells. The expression levels of β-actin were used as a housekeeping gene.</p

Characteristics of pre-developed TaqMan reagents.

<p>Characteristics of pre-developed TaqMan reagents.</p

IHC of human peritoneal biopsies.

<p>(A.) CD46 staining was strong in mesothelial cells along the peritoneal surface in uremic controls and PD patients. (B.) CD55 was strongly positive in mesothelial cells along the peritoneal surface and in vessels in sub-peritoneal tissues in all groups. (C.) Intensive CD59 staining was observed in mesothelial cells in all groups. Vessels were positive for CD59 in uremic controls and PD patients. All images were taken at 400x.</p