State of oral hygiene and ways to improve it

The issues of inflammatory periodontal diseases are relevant not only due to the wide prevalence of this pathology, but also due to the fact that methods of treatment do not always effectively prevent relapses of inflammation in the surrounding dental tissues after successful therapy

Innovative teaching tools in conditions of postgraduate medical education

Современность требует от последипломной подготовки врача-стоматолога новых качеств, навыков, умений и личных данных. Важную роль в решении этих задач играют методы и формы организации учебного процесса, направленные на оптимизацию развития клинического мышления. Реформирование подходов, методов и форм обучения в соответствии с требованиями современного образования осуществляется в рамках учебного процесса. Для повышения качества последипломного образования необходимо широко использовать инновационные способы образовательного процесса. Целью этой работы было: провести анализ эффективности и целесообразности применения интерактивных методов и форм обучения в рамках учебного процесса на этапе последипломного образования врачей-интернов-стоматологов. В процессе работы изучили, обобщили и обработали научно-педагогические источники и результаты собственных наблюдений методами литературного синтеза, структурного и логического анализа, основываясь на принципах системного подхода и системного анализа. В статье рассмотрены некоторые методы интерактивного обучения (интерактивная лекция, алгоритмизация лечебного процесса, учебные дискуссии, метод проектной работы, использование кейс-метода), обоснована их необходимость применения и высокая эффективность в формировании клинического мышления, мотивации на углубленное изучение предмета, накопления и анализа клинического опыта. Реформирование подходов, методов и форм обучения согласно требованиям современного образования осуществляется в рамках учебного процесса на этапах последипломного обучения. Использование инновационных форм и методов обучения в рамках последипломной подготовки врачей-интернов по специальности «Стоматология» и врачей-стоматологов способствует приобретению навыков самообразования, формированию клинического мышления, активизации усвоенного материала. Современная подготовка врачей в совокупности с традиционным образованием немыслима без использования инновационных технологий, позволяющих сформировать их высокую компетентность, обеспечить качество их будущей профессиональной деятельности. Интерактивные программы позволяют врачам обсуждать реальные примеры профессиональных дилемм, преподаватели же, в свою очередь, имеют возможность управлять и влиять на ход дискуссии врачей, опираясь на убедительные методы общения с целью повышения их профессиональной компетенции. Это исследование показывает эффективность инновационных методов обучения на этапе последипломного образования врачей. Abstract Modernity requires a set of completely new qualities, skills, abilities, and personal features from preparation of doctors at the postgraduate stage of their education. An important role in solving these tasks is played by methods and forms of organization of the educational process, aimed at optimizing the development of clinical thinking. Reforming approaches, methods and forms of training in accordance with the requirements of modern education is carried out as part of the educational process. To improve the quality of postgraduate education, it is necessary to widely use innovative methods of the educational process. The purpose of this work was to: analyze the effectiveness and appropriateness of the use of interactive methods and forms of training within the educational process at the stage of postgraduate education of interns and dentists. Scientific-pedagogical sources and the results of own observations have been studied, summarized and processed by using methods of literary synthesis, structural and logical analysis, based on the principles of systemic approach and systemic analysis. The article discusses some methods of interactive teaching (interactive lecture, algorithmization of the treatment process, educational discussions, the method of project work, the use of the case method) and substantiates their need for application and high efficiency in the formation of clinical thinking, motivation for in-depth study of the subject, as well as accumulation and analysis of clinical experience. The reform of approaches, methods and forms of education according to the requirements of modern education is carried out within the educational process at the stages of postgraduate training. The use of innovative forms and methods of teaching in the framework of postgraduate training of interns (in the specialty: “Dentistry”) and dentists contributes to the acquisition of skills of self-education, the formation of clinical thinking, as well as the activation of the learned material. Modern training of doctors in combination with traditional education is unthinkable without the use of innovative technologies that allow them to form their high competence, and ensure the quality of their future professional activity. Interactive programs allow physicians to discuss real-life examples of professional practice, and teachers, in turn, are able to supervise and influence the course of the physician discussion, relying on compelling communication methods to enhance their professional competence. This study shows the effectiveness of innovative teaching methods in the postgraduate doctoral education phase

Innovations in the system of medical postgraduate education

Modernity requires a set of completely new qualities, skills, abilities, and personal features from preparation of doctors at the postgraduate stage of their education. An important role in solving these tasks is played by methods and forms of organization of the educational process, aimed at optimizing the development of clinical thinking. To improve the quality of postgraduate education, it is necessary to widely use innovative methods of the educational process. The article discusses some methods of interactive teaching (interactive lecture, algorithmization of the treatment process, educational discussions, the method of project work, the use of the case method) and substantiates their need for application and high efficiency in the formation of clinical thinking, motivation for in-depth study of the subject, as well as accumulation and analysis of clinical experience. This study shows the effectiveness of innovative teaching methods in the postgraduate doctoral education phase

Introduction of innovations to ensure the quality of postgraduate medical eduction

Modernity requires a set of completely new qualities, skills, abilities, and personal features from preparation of doctors at the postgraduate stage of their education. An important role in solving these tasks is played by methods and forms of organization of the educational process, aimed at optimizing the development of clinical thinking. Reforming approaches, methods and forms of training in accordance with the requirements of modern education is carried out as part of the educational process. To improve the quality of postgraduate education, it is necessary to widely use innovative methods of the educational process. The purpose of this work was to: analyze the effectiveness and appropriateness of the use of interactive methods and forms of training within the educational process at the stage of postgraduate education of interns and dentists. Scientific-pedagogical sources and the results of own observations have been studied, summarized and processed by using methods of literary synthesis, structural and logical analysis, based on the principles of systemic approach and systemic analysis. The article discusses some methods of interactive teaching (interactive lecture, algorithmization of the treatment process, educational discussions, the method of project work, the use of the case method) and substantiates their need for application and high efficiency in the formation of clinical thinking, motivation for in-depth study of the subject, as well as accumulation and analysis of clinical experience

Size effects in wetting for highly dispersed systems

Wetting in systems with different dispersities of the solid and liquid phases and with different types of interfacial interaction was investigated. Studied were liq-uid metal-amorphous carbon and liquid metal-solid metal film-ionic crystal sys-tems in which the drop size and the thickness of film-substrates varied in the range 3x10^5–2x10^2 nm, respectively. It was found that for systems of the metal-amorphous carbon type a reduction in particle size and in thickness of carbon films brings about a size effect during wetting as a consequence of a decrease in the surface energy of the corresponding dispersed phase. For metal-metal-ionic crystal systems, a size effect during wetting is also observed but it is mainly caused by a changed nature of the interfacial interaction in the dispersed phases. Some parameters derived from the experimental data determine the dependence of the surface energy of small particles on their size

Туристические и экономические потоки в развитии территории

Статья посвящена исследованию и анализу сравнительных преимуществ отдельных приграничных территорий в системе международных отношений и определению направлений с позиции перспективы их развития во внешнеэкономическом взаимодействии сопредельных государств. В предложенной работе приведена методика изучения и оценка ряда сравнительных преимуществ сопредельных территорий (Россия, Финляндия, СЗФО), проанализированы перспективы внешнеэкономических отношений и предложен расчет индекса торговой открытости, позволяющий определить уровень интеграции региона или национальной экономики. The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the comparative advantages of separate regions in the system of international relations and defining directions, positions and perspectives of their development in the external economic interaction of neighboring countries. In the proposed work the methodology of study and estimation of the number of strengths of adjacent territories (Russia, Finland, northwestern Federal district), analyzed the prospects of foreign economic relations and proposed the index of trade openness to determine the level of integration of the region or the national economy

ДИНАМИКА ИНСУЛИНОПОДОБНОГО ФАКТОРА РОСТА 1 (ИФР-1) ПРИ ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИИ ПЕЧЕНИ ДЕТЯМ ОТ ДОНОРА, НЕ СОВМЕСТИМОГО ПО ГРУППЕ КРОВИ

It is shown that liver transplantation (LT) from donor with incompatible blood type (AB0i) may be effective and safe, but the impact of such operation upon the various systems of the body has not been investigated yet. Insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is synthesized in the liver and mediates the action of growth hormone. The level of IGF-1 is a marker of the processes of cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Aim. To evaluate levels of IGF-1 in children-recipients with liver transplant from AB0i (incompatible) and AB0c (compatible) donors.Materials and methods. 140 children aged 3 to 36 (19,5 ± 16,5 months) with congenital diseases of the hepatobiliar system, 58 of them boys, were surveyed. All patients underwent transplantation of left lateral liver sector from living related donors: 111 children were transplanted with fragment of the liver from AB0c donors, 29 – from AB0i donors; in 10 children with AB0i liver before and/or after LT operation anti-group antibodies (anti-A/B) were revealed. The concentration of IGF-1 was determined by ELISA using specifi c kits (Immunodiagnostic System, USA) in samples of blood plasma, which were received up to a month and a year after a liver transplant.Results. Average level of IGF-1 21,0 ± 29,5 μg/l in patients before LT was signifi cantly lower than in healthy children (52,2 ± 26,3 μg/l, p < 0,001) and did not vary in children, having received later a piece of liver from a compatible (AB0c) donor and from donor AB0i (23,5 ± 30,9 and 21,2 ± 23,2 μg/l respectively, p = 0,70). In patients with anti-A/B prior to surgery average level of IGF-1 was not different from that of the patients without antibodies (32,6 ± 27,6 and 22,3 ± 29,6 μg/l respectively, p = 0,4). One month after LT level of IGF-1 has increased both in the general group, and in patients with AB0c and AV0i liver (92,1 ± 77,8 and 131,2 ± 106,7 μg/l respectively, p = 0,09). The level of IGF-1 was not varied in the group with antibodies (152,5 + 150,4 μg/l) and without them (95,9 ± 77,0 μg/l). A year after LT the average level of IGF-1 in recipients of AV0c and AV0i liver was not varied and was signifi cantly higher than before LT (82,0 + 60,7 and 91,2 ± 77,8 μg/l, p < 0,005 and p = 0,03 respectively). The content of IGF-1 in patients with anti-A/B and without them (104,7 ± 67,5 and 84,7 ± 63,7 μg/l respectively) also did not differ.Conclusion: the results of our studies have shown that restoration of the level of IGF-1 is not dependent on transplantation of compatible or incompatible blood type liver, as well as on the availability of anti-group antibodies.Показано, что трансплантация печени (ТП) от не совместимого по группе крови (АВ0н) донора может быть эффективной и безопасной, однако вопросы, связанные с эффектом такой операции на различные системы организма, не исследованы. Инсулиноподобный фактор роста 1 (ИФР-1) синтезируется в печени и опосредует действие гормона роста, его уровень является маркером процессов пролиферации и регенерации тканей.Цель: исследовать динамику уровня ИФР-1 у детей – реципиентов печени при трансплантации от родственного совместимого и не совместимого по группе крови донора.Материалы и методы. Обследовано 140 детей с врожденными заболеваниями гепатобилиарной системы в возрасте от 3 до 36 (19,5 ± 16,5) месяцев, из них 58 мальчиков. Всем пациентам была проведена трансплантация левого латерального сектора печени от живого родственного донора: 111 детям был пересажен фрагмент печени от АВ0с донора, 29 – от АВ0н донора; у 10 детей с АВ0н ТП до и/или после операции обнаруживались антигрупповые антитела (анти-А/В). Концентрацию ИФР-1 определяли методом ИФА в образцах плазмы крови.Результаты. Средний уровень ИФР-1 21,0 ± 29,5 мкг/л у пациентов до ТП был достоверно ниже, чем у здоровых детей (52,2 ± 26,3 мкг/л, p < 0,001), и не различался у детей, позднее получивших фрагмент печени от совместимого (АВ0с) и от АВ0н донора (23,5 ± 30,9 и 21,2 ± 23,2 мкг/л соответственно, p = 0,70). У пациентов с анти-А/В до операции средний уровень ИФР-1 не отличался от такового у пациентов без антител (32,6 ± 27,6 и 22,3 ± 29,6 мкг/л соответственно, р = 0,4). Через месяц после ТП уровень ИФР-1 повысился как в общей группе, так и у пациентов с АВ0с и АВ0н ТП (92,1 ± 77,8 мкг/л и 131,2 ± 106,7 мкг/л соответственно, р = 0,09). Уровень ИФР-1 не различался в группе с антителами (152,5 ± 150,4 мкг/л) и без них (95,9 ± 77,0 мкг/л). Через год после ТП средний уровень ИФР-1 у реципиентов АВ0с и АВ0н печени не различался и был достоверно выше, чем до ТП (82,0 ± 60,7 и 91,2 ± 77,8 мкг/л, р < 0,005 и р = 0,03 соответственно). Содержание ИФР-1 у пациентов с анти-А/В и без них (104,7 ± 67,5 мкг/л и 84,7 ± 63,7 мкг/л соответственно) также не отличалось.Заключение. Результаты исследования показали, что восстановление уровня ИФР-1 не зависит от того, был ли донор фрагмента печени совместимым по системе АВ0 или нет и содержались ли у реципиента в крови антигрупповые антитела до трансплантации

ПАТОЛОГИЯ ПОЗЫ И ДЕФОРМАЦИИ СТОП У ДЕТЕЙ С ЦЕРЕБРАЛЬНЫМ ПАРАЛИЧОМ

The purpose of study was to estimate common postural disturbances in children with cerebral palsy in relation to feet deformities. 100 children were investigated. Age-related changes in postural patterns are described. Five stereotypical postural patterns are most common in children with cerebral palsy. Proper management of feet deformities is necessary for correction of postural disturbance. Inadequate surgical treatment, as a contrast, may be harmfull and dangerous.Целью работы был анализ закономерностей формирования патологической позы у детей с церебральным параличом и их взаимосвязь с деформациями стоп. Обследовано 100 детей со спастическими формами церебрального паралича в возрасте от 1 года до 18 лет. Определена возрастная динамика постуральных паттернов и их участие в патогенезе деформаций стоп. Описаны 5 вариантов сочетанных нарушений позы в сагиттальной плоскости. Своевременная адекватная коррекция деформации стопы в тех случаях, когда они являются генератором патологической позы, способствуют улучшению биомеханики позы в целом. Необоснованное оперативное лечение может привести к непредсказуемым и трудно обратимым изменениям позы

Size effects in wetting for highly dispersed systems

Wetting in systems with different dispersities of the solid and liquid phases and with different types of interfacial interaction was investigated. Studied were liq-uid metal-amorphous carbon and liquid metal-solid metal film-ionic crystal sys-tems in which the drop size and the thickness of film-substrates varied in the range 3x10^5–2x10^2 nm, respectively. It was found that for systems of the metal-amorphous carbon type a reduction in particle size and in thickness of carbon films brings about a size effect during wetting as a consequence of a decrease in the surface energy of the corresponding dispersed phase. For metal-metal-ionic crystal systems, a size effect during wetting is also observed but it is mainly caused by a changed nature of the interfacial interaction in the dispersed phases. Some parameters derived from the experimental data determine the dependence of the surface energy of small particles on their size