Crime, Unemployment, and Xenophobia? An Ecological Analysis of Right-Wing Election Results in Hamburg, 1986−2005

This paper investigates the consequences of immigration, crime and socio-economic depriviation for the performance of right-wing extremist and populist parties in the German city state of Hamburg between 1986 and 2005. The ecological determinants of voting for right-wing parties on the district level are compared to those for mainstream and other protest parties. Parallels and differences in spatial characteristics between right-wing extremist and populist parties' performance are identified. Our empirical results tend to confirm the general contextual sociological theory of right-wing radicalization by general social deprivation and immigration. Nevertheless they indicate that one has to be very cautious when interpreting the unemployment/crime - right-winger nexus. Moreover, crime does not seem to have a strong significant effect on right-wing populist parties' election successes despite its importance for their programmes and campaigns.elections, political extremism, labor market policy, welfare policy, immigration

Chemical bonding effects in Sc compounds studied using X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies

Advances on understanding the nature of the chemical bonding and electron correlation effects during the X-ray absorption process in ionic–covalent metal complexes has been achieved for most of the transition elements, except for scandium, due to the lack of a systematic series of spectroscopic reference spectra and the shortage of standard crystallographic data on scandium compounds. To close the gap, the chemical bonding effects in eight Sc compounds are studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Sc K and L2,3 absorption edges and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Indeed, the fine structure of the XAS Sc K edge reflects the chemical sp3-like bond formed between scandium and the ligand while the L2,3 edge and the pre-edge features of the K-edge provide a direct insight into the crystal field parameters at the Sc site in the coordination compound. The XPS data provide the information on binding energies of the core electrons involved in the electron transitions caused by the absorption of high energy X-rays. XAS and XPS complement each other by accessing the information on Sc structure on bulk and the surface. Herein, comprehensive information on the electronic structure of well-known crystalline materials based on Sc is given with spectroscopic fingerprints X-ray data. This will help to predict the formation of chemical bonds in the unknown components via the systematic evaluation of the available spectroscopic fingerprints

Chemical environment of unusually Ge- and Pb-rich willemite, Tres Marias mine, Mexico

The Tres Marias carbonate-hosted Zn-Ge deposit in Chihuahua, Mexico contains willemite [Zn$_{2}$SiO$_{4}$] with unusually high concentrations of minor and trace elements (e.g., Pb, Ge, As, P, V); Pb concentrations are as high as 2 wt %, and Ge may reach 4000 ppm (average 900 ppm). Electron microprobe analyses and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence maps show that Zn and Ge, as well as Zn and Pb are negatively correlated, whereas Ge and Pb are positively correlated across zoned willemite crystals. In cathodoluminescence (CL) images, those areas of willemite having high trace element concentrations have no, or low CL intensities, whereas zones low in trace elements (except for P) display bright blue CL colors. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy was used to characterize the chemical nature of Ge and Pb in willemite. Comparisons to reference spectra of natural and artificial substances points to the presence of Ge$^{4+}$ and Pb$^{2+}$ in Tres Marias willemite. No evidence for Pb$^{4+}$ was detected. Oscillatory zonation reflects trace element incorporation into willemite from the oxidation of primary Ge-bearing sphalerite and galena (PbS) by siliceous aqueous fluids

INCORPORATION OF Mo6+^{6+} IN FERRIHYDRITE, GOETHITE, AND HEMATITE

Among all iron oxides, hematite (α-Fe2O3), goethite (α-FeOOH), and ferrihydrite (FeOOH⋅nH2O) are the most common mineral species. While immobilization of Mo6+ by surface adsorption on ferric oxides has been studied extensively, the mechanisms of incorporation in their structure have been researched little. The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between Mo content and its structural incorporation in hematite, goethite, and six-line ferrihydrite by a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Synthesized in the presence of Mo, the hematite, goethite, and six-line ferrihydrite phases incorporated up to 8.52, 0.03, and 17.49 wt. % Mo, respectively. For hematite and goethite, pXRD analyses did not indicate the presence of separate Mo phases. Refined unit-cell parameters correlated with increasing Mo concentration in hematite and goethite. The unit-cell parameters indicated an increase in structural disorder within both phases and, therefore, supported the structural incorporation of Mo in hematite and goethite. Analysis of pXRD measurements of Mo-bearing six-line ferrihydrites revealed small amounts of coprecipitated akaganéite. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements at the Mo L3-edge indicated a strong distortion of the MoO6 octahedra in all three phases. Fitting of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra of the Mo K-edge supported the presence of such distorted octahedra in a coordination environment similar to the Fe position in the investigated specimen. Incorporation of Mo6+ at the Fe3+-position for both hematite and goethite resulted in the formation of one Fe vacancy in close proximity to the newly incorporated Mo6+ and, therefore, charge balance within the hematite and goethite structures

Using the Inelastic Background in Hard X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for a Depth-Resolved Analysis of the Cds / CU(In,GA)SE \u3c Inf \u3e 2 \u3c / Inf \u3e Interface

The inelastic background of hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data is analyzed to paint a depth-resolved picture of the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CdS/CIGSe) layer structure. The CdS/CIGSe interface is the central component in next-generation chalcopyrite thin-film photovoltaic devices. By analyzing both, the (unscattered) core-level peaks and the inelastic background, and by varying the excitation photon energy from 2.1 up to 14 keV, we can derive photoemission information over a broad range of electron kinetic energies and, hence, sampling depths. With this complementary information, the CdS film thickness of a CdS/CIGSe interface can be accurately determined as a function of the CdS deposition time. For the thinner CdS films, the film thickness can be shown to vary laterally. Furthermore, small amounts of Se and process-related Rb can be detected in a thin (∼2 nm) surface layer of all investigated CdS films

Coupling Methylammonium and Formamidinium Cations With Halide Anions: Hybrid Orbitals, Hydrogen Bonding, and the Role of Dynamics

The electronic structures of four precursors for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, namely, methylammonium chloride and iodide, as well as formamidinium bromide and iodide, are investigated by X-ray emission (XE) spectroscopy at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges. The XE spectra are analyzed based on density functional theory calculations. We simulate the XE spectra at the Kohn-Sham level for ground-state geometries and carry out detailed analyses of the molecular orbitals and the electronic density of states to give a thorough understanding of the spectra. Major parts of the spectra can be described by the model of the corresponding isolated organic cation, whereas high-emission energy peaks in the nitrogen K-edge XE spectra arise from electronic transitions involving hybrids of the molecular and atomic orbitals of the cations and halides, respectively. We find that the interaction of the methylammonium cation is stronger with the chlorine than with the iodine anion. Furthermore, our detailed theoretical analysis highlights the strong influence of ultrafast proton dynamics in the core-excited states, which is an intrinsic effect of the XE process. The inclusion of this effect is necessary for an accurate description of the experimental nitrogen K-edge X-ray emission spectra and gives information on the hydrogen-bonding strengths in the different precursor materials