136 research outputs found
On Massive MIMO Physical Layer Cryptosystem
In this paper, we present a zero-forcing (ZF) attack on the physical layer
cryptography scheme based on massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). The
scheme uses singular value decomposition (SVD) precoder. We show that the
eavesdropper can decrypt/decode the information data under the same condition
as the legitimate receiver. We then study the advantage for decoding by the
legitimate user over the eavesdropper in a generalized scheme using an
arbitrary precoder at the transmitter. On the negative side, we show that if
the eavesdropper uses a number of receive antennas much larger than the number
of legitimate user antennas, then there is no advantage, independent of the
precoding scheme employed at the transmitter. On the positive side, for the
case where the adversary is limited to have the same number of antennas as
legitimate users, we give an upper bound on the
advantage and show that this bound can be approached using an inverse precoder.Comment: To be presented at ITW 2015, Jeju Island, South Korea. 6 Pages, 1
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Making NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign as Secure as Standard Worst-Case Problems over Ideal Lattices
NTRUEncrypt, proposed in 1996 by Hoffstein, Pipher and Silverman, is the fastest known lattice-based encryption scheme. Its moderate key-sizes, excellent asymptotic performance and conjectured resistance to quantum computers make it a desirable alternative to factorisation and discrete-log based encryption schemes. However, since its introduction, doubts have regularly arisen on its security and that of its digital signature counterpart. In the present work, we show how to modify NTRUEncrypt and NTRUSign to make them provably secure in the standard (resp. random oracle) model, under the assumed quantum (resp. classical) hardness of standard worst-case lattice problems, restricted to a family of lattices related to some cyclotomic fields.
Our main contribution is to show that if the secret key polynomials of the encryption scheme are selected from discrete Gaussians, then the public key, which is their ratio, is statistically indistinguishable from uniform over its range. We also show how to rigorously extend the encryption secret key into a signature secret key. The security then follows from the already proven hardness of the R-SIS and R-LWE problems
Vandermonde meets Regev: Public Key Encryption Schemes Based on Partial Vandermonde Problems
PASS Encrypt is a lattice-based public key encryption scheme introduced by Hoffstein and Silverman in 2015. The efficiency and algebraic properties of PASS Encrypt and of the underlying partial Vandermonde knapsack problem (PV-Knap) make them an attractive starting point for building efficient post-quantum cryptographic primitives. Recall that PV-Knap asks to recover a polynomial of small norm from a partial list of its Vandermonde transform. Unfortunately, the security foundations of PV-Knap-based encryption are not well understood, and in particular, no security proof for PASS Encrypt is known.
In this work, we make progress in this direction. First, we present a modified version of PASS Encrypt with a security proof based on decision PV-Knap and a leaky variant of it, named the PASS problem. We next study an alternative approach to build encryption based on PV-Knap. To this end, we introduce the partial Vandermonde LWE problem (PV-LWE), which we show is computationally equivalent to PV-Knap. Following Regev\u27s design for LWE-based encryption, we use PV-LWE to construct an efficient encryption scheme. Its security is based on PV-LWE and a hybrid variant of PV-Knap and Polynomial LWE. Finally, we give a refined analysis of the concrete security of both schemes against best known lattice attacks
On the Provable Security of an Efficient RSA-Based Pseudorandom Generator
Pseudorandom Generators (PRGs) based on the RSA inversion
(one-wayness) problem have been extensively studied in the
literature over the last 25 years. These generators have the
attractive feature of provable pseudorandomness security assuming
the hardness of the RSA inversion problem. However, despite
extensive study, the most efficient provably secure RSA-based
generators output asymptotically only at most bits per
multiply modulo an RSA modulus of bitlength , and hence are too
slow to be used in many practical applications.
To bring theory closer to practice, we present a simple
modification to the proof of security by Fischlin and Schnorr of
an RSA-based PRG, which shows that one can obtain an RSA-based PRG
which outputs bits per multiply and has provable
pseudorandomness security assuming the hardness of a well-studied
variant of the RSA inversion problem, where a constant fraction of
the plaintext bits are given. Our result gives a positive answer to an open question posed by Gennaro (J. of Cryptology, 2005) regarding finding a PRG beating the rate bits per multiply at the cost of a reasonable assumption on RSA inversion
VSH, an efficient and provable collision-resistant hash function
We introduce VSH, very smooth hash, a new S-bit hash function that is provably collision-resistant assuming the hardness of finding nontrivial modular square roots of very smooth numbers modulo an S-bit composite. By very smooth, we mean that the smoothness bound is some fixed polynomial function of S. We argue that finding collisions for VSH has the same asymptotic complexity as factoring using the Number Field Sieve factoring algorithm, i.e., subexponential in S. VSH is theoretically pleasing because it requires just a single multiplication modulo the S-bit composite per ω(5) message-bits (as opposed to O(log S) message-bits for previous provably secure hashes). It is relatively practical. A preliminary implementation on a 1GHz Pentium III processor that achieves collision resistance at least equivalent to the difficulty of factoring a 1024-bit USA modulus, runs at 1.1 MegaByte per second, with a moderate slowdown to 0.7MB/s for 2048-bit RSA security. VSH can be used to build a fast, provably secure randomised trapdoor hash function, which can be applied to speed up provably secure signature schemes (such as Cramer-Shoup) and designated-verifier signatures. © International Association for Cryptologic Research 2006
COSAC: COmpact and Scalable Arbitrary-Centered Discrete Gaussian Sampling over Integers
The arbitrary-centered discrete Gaussian sampler is a fundamental subroutine in implementing lattice trapdoor sampling algorithms. However, existing approaches typically rely on either a fast implementation of another discrete Gaussian sampler or pre-computations with regards to some specific discrete Gaussian distributions with fixed centers and standard deviations. These approaches may only support sampling from standard deviations within a limited range, or cannot efficiently sample from arbitrary standard deviations determined on-the-fly at run-time.
In this paper, we propose a compact and scalable rejection sampling algorithm by sampling from a continuous normal distribution and performing rejection sampling on rounded samples. Our scheme does not require pre-computations related to any specific discrete Gaussian distributions. Our scheme can sample from both arbitrary centers and arbitrary standard deviations determined on-the-fly at run-time. In addition, we show that our scheme only requires a low number of trials close to 2 per sample on average, and our scheme maintains good performance when scaling up the standard deviation. We also provide a concrete error analysis of our scheme based on the Renyi divergence. We implement our sampler and analyse its performance in terms of storage and speed compared to previous results. Our sampler\u27s running time is center-independent and is therefore applicable to implementation of convolution-style lattice trapdoor sampling and identity-based encryption resistant against timing side-channel attacks
Practical MP-LWE-based encryption balancing security-risk vs. efficiency
Middle-Product Learning With Errors (MP-LWE) is a variant of the LWE problem introduced at CRYPTO 2017 by Rosca et al [RSSS17]. Asymptotically, the theoretical results of [RSSS17] suggest that MP-LWE gives lattice-based public-key cryptosystems offering a ‘security-risk vs. efficiency’ trade-off: higher performance than cryptosystems based on unstructured lattices (LWE problem) and lower risk than cryptosystems based on structured lattices (Polynomial/Ring LWE problem). However, although promising in theory, [RSSS17] left the practical implications of MP-LWE for lattice-based cryptography unclear.
In this paper, we show how to build practical public-key cryptosystems with strong security guarantees based on MP-LWE. On the implementation side, we present optimised fast algorithms for computing the middle-product operation over polynomial rings , the dominant computation for MP-LWE-based cryptosystems. On the security side, we show how to obtain a nearly tight security proof for MP-LWE from the hardest Polynomial LWE problem over a large family of rings, improving on the loose reduction of [RSSS17]. We also show and analyze an optimised cryptanalysis of MP-LWE that narrows the complexity gap to the above security proof. To evaluate the practicality of MP-LWE, we apply our results to construct, implement and optimise parameters for a practical MP-LWE-based public-key cryptosystem, Titanium, and compare its benchmarks to other lattice-based systems. Our results show that MP-LWE offers a new ‘security-risk vs. efficiency’ trade-off in lattice-based cryptography in practice, not only asymptotically in theory
FACCT: FAst, Compact, and Constant-Time Discrete Gaussian Sampler over Integers
The discrete Gaussian sampler is one of the fundamental tools in implementing lattice-based cryptosystems. However, a naive discrete Gaussian sampling implementation suffers from side-channel vulnerabilities, and the existing countermeasures usually introduce significant overhead in either the running speed or the memory consumption.
In this paper, we propose a fast, compact, and constant-time implementation of the binary sampling algorithm, originally introduced in the BLISS signature scheme. Our implementation adapts the Rényi divergence and the transcendental function polynomial approximation techniques. The efficiency of our scheme is independent of the standard deviation, and we show evidence that our implementations are either faster or more compact than several existing constant-time samplers. In addition, we show the performance of our implementation techniques applied to and integrated with two existing signature schemes: qTesla and Falcon. On the other hand, the convolution theorems are typically adapted to sample from larger standard deviations, by combining samples with much smaller standard deviations. As an additional contribution, we show better parameters for the convolution theorems
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