Confining Boundary conditions from dynamical Coupling Constants

It is shown that it is possible to consistently and gauge invariantly formulate models where the coupling constant is a non trivial function of a scalar field . In the $U(1)$ case the coupling to the gauge field contains a term of the form $g(\phi)j_\mu (A^{\mu} +\partial^{\mu}B)$ where $B$ is an auxiliary field and $j_\mu$ is the Dirac current. The scalar field $\phi$ determines the local value of the coupling of the gauge field to the Dirac particle. The consistency of the equations determine the condition $\partial^{\mu}\phi j_\mu = 0$ which implies that the Dirac current cannot have a component in the direction of the gradient of the scalar field. As a consequence, if $\phi$ has a soliton behaviour, like defining a bubble that connects two vacuua, we obtain that the Dirac current cannot have a flux through the wall of the bubble, defining a confinement mechanism where the fermions are kept inside those bags. Consistent models with time dependent fine structure constant can be also constructedComment: 4 pages, 3 figures. A new reference added and discussion expande

Electromagnetic Mach principle

We will introduce a gauge model which an electromagnetic coupling constant and local mass are related to all the charge in the universe. we will use the standard Dirac action, but where the mass and the electromagnetic coupling constant are a function of the sum of all the charge in the universe, which represent Mach principle for electromagnetic coupling constant. The formalisation is not manifestly Lorentz invariant, however Lorentz invariance can be restored by performing a phase transformation of the Dirac field.Comment: 3 page

Identification of a high-velocity compact nebular filament 2.2 arcsec south of the Galactic Centre

The central parsec of the Milky Way is a very special region of our Galaxy; it contains the supermassive black hole associated with Sgr A* as well as a significant number of early-type stars and a complex structure of streamers of neutral and ionized gas, within two parsecs from the centre, representing a unique laboratory. We report the identification of a high velocity compact nebular filament 2.2 arcsec south of Sgr A*. The structure extends over ~1 arcsec and presents a strong velocity gradient of ~200 km s^{-1} arcsec^{-1}. The peak of maximum emission, seen in [Fe III] and He I lines, is located at d{\alpha} = +0.20 +/- 0.06 arcsec and d{\delta} = -2.20 +/- 0.06 arcsec with respect to Sgr A*. This position is near the star IRS 33N. The velocity at the emission peak is Vr = -267 km s^{-1}. The filament has a position angle of PA = 115{\degr} +/- 10{\degr}, similar to that of the Bar and of the Eastern Arm at that position. The peak position is located 0.7 arcsec north of the binary X-ray and radio transient CXOGX J174540.0-290031, a low-mass X-ray binary with an orbital period of 7.9 hr. The [Fe III] line emission is strong in the filament and its vicinity. These lines are probably produced by shock heating but we cannot exclude some X-ray photoionization from the low-mass X-ray binary. Although we cannot rule out the idea of a compact nebular jet, we interpret this filament as a possible shock between the Northern and the Eastern Arm or between the Northern Arm and the mini-spiral "Bar".Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, published online in MNRA

NGC 7097: the AGN and its mirror, revealed by PCA Tomography

Three-dimensional (3D) spectroscopy techniques are becoming more and more popular, producing an increasing number of large data cubes. The challenge of extracting information from these cubes requires the development of new techniques for data processing and analysis. We apply the recently developed technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Tomography to a data cube from the center of the elliptical galaxy NGC 7097 and show that this technique is effective in decomposing the data into physically interpretable information. We find that the first five principal components of our data are associated with distinct physical characteristics. In particular, we detect a LINER with a weak broad component in the Balmer lines. Two images of the LINER are present in our data, one seen through a disk of gas and dust, and the other after scattering by free electrons and/or dust particles in the ionization cone. Furthermore, we extract the spectrum of the LINER, decontaminated from stellar and extended nebular emission, using only the technique of PCA Tomography. We anticipate that the scattered image has polarized light, due to its scattered nature.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

IFU spectroscopy of 10 early type galactic nuclei: II - Nuclear emission line properties

Although it is well known that massive galaxies have central black holes, most of them accreting at low Eddington ratios, many important questions still remain open. Among them, are the nature of the ionizing source, the characteristics and frequencies of the broad line region and of the dusty torus. We report observations of 10 early-type galactic nuclei, observed with the IFU/GMOS spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope, analysed with standard techniques for spectral treatment and compared with results obtained with principal component analysis Tomography (Paper I). We performed spectral synthesis of each spaxel of the data cubes and subtracted the stellar component from the original cube, leaving a data cube with emission lines only. The emission lines were decomposed in multi-Gaussian components. We show here that, for eight galaxies previously known to have emission lines, the narrow line region can be decomposed in two components with distinct line widths. In addition to this, broad H$\alpha$ emission was detected in six galaxies. The two galaxies not previously known to have emission lines show weak H$\alpha$+[N II] lines. All 10 galaxies may be classified as low-ionization nuclear emission regions in diagnostic diagrams and seven of them have bona fide active galactic nuclei with luminosities between 10$^{40}$ and 10$^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$. Eddington ratios are always < 10$^{-3}$.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA