Diagnosis, prescription and prognosis of a Bell-state filter by quantum process tomography

Using a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer, we apply the techniques of quantum process tomography to characterize errors and decoherence in a prototypical two-photon operation, a singlet-state filter. The quantum process tomography results indicate a large asymmetry in the process and also the required operation to correct for this asymmetry. Finally, we quantify errors and decoherence of the filtering operation after this modification.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Correlation energy of an electron gas in strong magnetic fields at high densities

The high-density electron gas in a strong magnetic field B and at zero temperature is investigated. The quantum strong-field limit is considered in which only the lowest Landau level is occupied. It is shown that the perturbation series of the ground-state energy can be represented in analogy to the Gell-Mann Brueckner expression of the ground-state energy of the field-free electron gas. The role of the expansion parameter is taken by r_B= (2/3 \pi^2) (B/m^2) (\hbar r_s /e)^3 instead of the field-free Gell-Mann Brueckner parameter r_s. The perturbation series is given exactly up to o(r_B) for the case of a small filling factor for the lowest Landau level.Comment: 10 pages, Accepted for publication in Phys.Rev.

Conditional probabilities in quantum theory, and the tunneling time controversy

It is argued that there is a sensible way to define conditional probabilities in quantum mechanics, assuming only Bayes's theorem and standard quantum theory. These probabilities are equivalent to the ``weak measurement'' predictions due to Aharonov {\it et al.}, and hence describe the outcomes of real measurements made on subensembles. In particular, this approach is used to address the question of the history of a particle which has tunnelled across a barrier. A {\it gedankenexperiment} is presented to demonstrate the physically testable implications of the results of these calculations, along with graphs of the time-evolution of the conditional probability distribution for a tunneling particle and for one undergoing allowed transmission. Numerical results are also presented for the effects of loss in a bandgap medium on transmission and on reflection, as a function of the position of the lossy region; such loss should provide a feasible, though indirect, test of the present conclusions. It is argued that the effects of loss on the pulse {\it delay time} are related to the imaginary value of the momentum of a tunneling particle, and it is suggested that this might help explain a small discrepancy in an earlier experiment.Comment: 11 pages, latex, 4 postscript figures separate (one w/ 3 parts

Optical realization of optimal unambiguous discrimination for pure and mixed quantum states

Quantum mechanics forbids deterministic discrimination among non-orthogonal states. Nonetheless, the capability to distinguish nonorthogonal states unambiguously is an important primitive in quantum information processing. In this work, we experimentally implement generalized measurements in an optical system and demonstrate the first optimal unambiguous discrimination between three nonorthogonal states, with a success rate of 55%, to be compared with the 25% maximum achievable using projective measurements. Furthermore we present the first realization of unambiguous discrimination between a pure state and a nonorthogonal mixed state.Comment: Some minor revision

Detecting Hidden Differences via Permutation Symmetries

We present a method for describing and characterizing the state of N particles that may be distinguishable in principle but not in practice due to experimental limitations. The technique relies upon a careful treatment of the exchange symmetry of the state among experimentally accessible and experimentally inaccessible degrees of freedom. The approach we present allows a new formalisation of the notion of indistinguishability and can be implemented easily using currently available experimental techniques. Our work is of direct relevance to current experiments in quantum optics, for which we provide a specific implementation.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

Rank 3 permutation characters and maximal subgroups

In this paper we classify all maximal subgroups M of a nearly simple primitive rank 3 group G of type L=Omega_{2m+1}(3), m > 3; acting on an L-orbit E of non-singular points of the natural module for L such that 1_P^G <=1_M^G where P is a stabilizer of a point in E. This result has an application to the study of minimal genera of algebraic curves which admit group actions.Comment: 41 pages, to appear in Forum Mathematicu

Spin-charge separation and localization in one-dimension

We report on measurements of quantum many-body modes in ballistic wires and their dependence on Coulomb interactions, obtained from tunneling between two parallel wires in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure while varying electron density. We observe two spin modes and one charge mode of the coupled wires, and map the dispersion velocities of the modes down to a critical density, at which spontaneous localization is observed. Theoretical calculations of the charge velocity agree well with the data, although they also predict an additional charge mode that is not observed. The measured spin velocity is found to be smaller than theoretically predicted.Comment: There are minor textual differences between this version and the version that has been published in Science (follow the DOI link below to obtain it). In addition, here we have had to reduce figure quality to save space on the serve