Table_6_High Adiposity Is Associated With Higher Nocturnal and Diurnal Glycaemia, but Not With Glycemic Variability in Older Individuals Without Diabetes.docx

Background<p>It is well known that adiposity is a risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the associations of measures of adiposity with indices of glycemia and of glycemic variability over a 72-h period in non-diabetic older adults.</p>Methods<p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in non-diabetic individuals from the Active and Healthy Aging Study (N = 228), Switchbox (N = 116), and the Growing Old Together Study (N = 94). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured, and indices of glycemia and glycemic variability were derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using the Mini-Med^® CGM system. Associations between adiposity and CGM were studied separately for the three cohorts, and derived estimates were subsequently meta-analyzed.</p>Results<p>After meta-analyzing the results from the separate cohorts, individuals with a higher BMI had higher levels of glycemia. Individuals with BMI between 30 and 35 kg/m² had 0.28 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12–0.44] higher 72 h-mean glucose concentration, 0.26 mmol/L (0.10–0.42) higher diurnal glucose (6:00 a.m. to 0:00 a.m.), and 0.39 mmol/L (0.19; 0.59) higher nocturnal glucose (3:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.) than participants with a normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m²). However, no associations were observed between higher BMI and glycemic variability. Results for glycemia and glycemic variability were similarly observed for a high waist circumference.</p>Conclusion<p>High adiposity associates with constant higher mean glucose levels over the day in non-diabetic older adults.</p

Fasting and Continuous Glucose Monitoring parameters over 72-hour period for carriers of the protective (CC) and risk (CT/TT) alleles of rs7903146 in <i>TCF7L2</i>.

<p>Fasting and Continuous Glucose Monitoring parameters over 72-hour period for carriers of the protective (CC) and risk (CT/TT) alleles of rs7903146 in <i>TCF7L2</i>.</p

Table_2_High Adiposity Is Associated With Higher Nocturnal and Diurnal Glycaemia, but Not With Glycemic Variability in Older Individuals Without Diabetes.docx

Background<p>It is well known that adiposity is a risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the associations of measures of adiposity with indices of glycemia and of glycemic variability over a 72-h period in non-diabetic older adults.</p>Methods<p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in non-diabetic individuals from the Active and Healthy Aging Study (N = 228), Switchbox (N = 116), and the Growing Old Together Study (N = 94). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured, and indices of glycemia and glycemic variability were derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using the Mini-Med^® CGM system. Associations between adiposity and CGM were studied separately for the three cohorts, and derived estimates were subsequently meta-analyzed.</p>Results<p>After meta-analyzing the results from the separate cohorts, individuals with a higher BMI had higher levels of glycemia. Individuals with BMI between 30 and 35 kg/m² had 0.28 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12–0.44] higher 72 h-mean glucose concentration, 0.26 mmol/L (0.10–0.42) higher diurnal glucose (6:00 a.m. to 0:00 a.m.), and 0.39 mmol/L (0.19; 0.59) higher nocturnal glucose (3:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.) than participants with a normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m²). However, no associations were observed between higher BMI and glycemic variability. Results for glycemia and glycemic variability were similarly observed for a high waist circumference.</p>Conclusion<p>High adiposity associates with constant higher mean glucose levels over the day in non-diabetic older adults.</p

Glucose rhythm over the three days, stratified per genotype group.

<p>Mean glucose rhythms during 72 hours for carriers of the protective alleles (black line) and the risk alleles (grey line) of rs7903146 in <i>TCF7L2</i>. The time span between the dotted black lines (3.00–6.00h) represents the nocturnal hours during which people are (on average) fast asleep.</p

Table_5_High Adiposity Is Associated With Higher Nocturnal and Diurnal Glycaemia, but Not With Glycemic Variability in Older Individuals Without Diabetes.docx

Background<p>It is well known that adiposity is a risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the associations of measures of adiposity with indices of glycemia and of glycemic variability over a 72-h period in non-diabetic older adults.</p>Methods<p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in non-diabetic individuals from the Active and Healthy Aging Study (N = 228), Switchbox (N = 116), and the Growing Old Together Study (N = 94). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured, and indices of glycemia and glycemic variability were derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using the Mini-Med^® CGM system. Associations between adiposity and CGM were studied separately for the three cohorts, and derived estimates were subsequently meta-analyzed.</p>Results<p>After meta-analyzing the results from the separate cohorts, individuals with a higher BMI had higher levels of glycemia. Individuals with BMI between 30 and 35 kg/m² had 0.28 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12–0.44] higher 72 h-mean glucose concentration, 0.26 mmol/L (0.10–0.42) higher diurnal glucose (6:00 a.m. to 0:00 a.m.), and 0.39 mmol/L (0.19; 0.59) higher nocturnal glucose (3:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.) than participants with a normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m²). However, no associations were observed between higher BMI and glycemic variability. Results for glycemia and glycemic variability were similarly observed for a high waist circumference.</p>Conclusion<p>High adiposity associates with constant higher mean glucose levels over the day in non-diabetic older adults.</p

Table_1_High Adiposity Is Associated With Higher Nocturnal and Diurnal Glycaemia, but Not With Glycemic Variability in Older Individuals Without Diabetes.docx

Background<p>It is well known that adiposity is a risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the associations of measures of adiposity with indices of glycemia and of glycemic variability over a 72-h period in non-diabetic older adults.</p>Methods<p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in non-diabetic individuals from the Active and Healthy Aging Study (N = 228), Switchbox (N = 116), and the Growing Old Together Study (N = 94). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured, and indices of glycemia and glycemic variability were derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) using the Mini-Med^® CGM system. Associations between adiposity and CGM were studied separately for the three cohorts, and derived estimates were subsequently meta-analyzed.</p>Results<p>After meta-analyzing the results from the separate cohorts, individuals with a higher BMI had higher levels of glycemia. Individuals with BMI between 30 and 35 kg/m² had 0.28 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12–0.44] higher 72 h-mean glucose concentration, 0.26 mmol/L (0.10–0.42) higher diurnal glucose (6:00 a.m. to 0:00 a.m.), and 0.39 mmol/L (0.19; 0.59) higher nocturnal glucose (3:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.) than participants with a normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m²). However, no associations were observed between higher BMI and glycemic variability. Results for glycemia and glycemic variability were similarly observed for a high waist circumference.</p>Conclusion<p>High adiposity associates with constant higher mean glucose levels over the day in non-diabetic older adults.</p

Salivary cortisol in offspring and partners.

<p>Means presented as mean salivary cortisol in nmol/L with 95% confidence internal.</p><p>Model 1: Crude; Model 2: Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and current smoking; Model 3: Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, current smoking and disease history (Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension). All analyses were adjusted for familial relationship. Data presented as means with 95% confidence interval. Abbreviation; AUC_g Area Under the Curve with reference to the ground.</p

Salivary cortisol levels after overnight dexamethasone.

<p>Means presented as mean salivary cortisol in nmol/L with 95% confidence internal. Model 1: Crude; Model 2: Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and current smoking; Model 3: Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, current smoking and disease history (Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension); Model 4: Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, current smoking and disease history (Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension) and salivary cortisol concentration at awakening on the first day. All analyses were adjusted for familial relationships. 1) Awakening salivary cortisol levels after overnight dexamethasone. 2) Difference between salivary cortisol level on awakening at day 0 and overnight dexamethasone.</p

Evening cortisol in offspring and partners.

<p>Evening cortisol. All three graphs present the mean cortisol level measured at the two time points. A) Evening cortisol in all offspring and partners. Analysis adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and current smoking habits. B) Evening cortisol in female offspring and partners. C) Evening cortisol in male offspring and partners. B,C) analysis adjusted for age, body mass index and current smoking habits. Data presented as means with the standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance (p<0.05) denoted as an asterisk.</p

Awakening response in offspring and partners.

<p>Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR). All three graphs present the mean cortisol level measured at the four time points. A) CAR in all offspring and partners. Analysis adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and current smoking habits. B) CAR in female offspring and partners. C) CAR in male offspring and partners. B,C) analysis adjusted for age, body mass index and current smoking habits. Data presented as means with the standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical significance (p<0.05) denoted as an asterisk.</p