283 research outputs found
THE IMPACT OF TECHNICAL BARRIERS ON US-EU AGRO-FOOD TRADE
Controversial aspects exist in the current debate on the application of Non Tariff Measures (NTMs) on agro-food trade. This study intends to offer an evaluation of the trade impact of both non-technical and technical NTMs on the US-EU bilateral trade, the two major players in WTO negotiations. The results show two main structural differences between the EU and US borders: technical NTMs are preferred in the US, while in the EU the opposite is true; agro-food imports in the US face a number of NTMs more than double that of the EU. Gravity model estimates confirm the negative impact of NTMs on trade. However, safety technical requirements seem to have a positive effect on trade, probably as a consequence of lower transaction, monitoring and enforcing costs.International Relations/Trade,
THE IMPACT OF EU AND US AGRO-FOOD NON TARIFF MEASURES ON EXPORTS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Aim of the paper is to appraise the impact of EU and US non tariff measures on agro-food exports from African, Asian and South-American developing countries. After an inventory description of these measures, a gravity model is estimated. The results offer a measure of the impact of the different type of technical (i.e. labeling and standard requirement for both safety and non safety matters) and non-technical (i.e. import licensing and authorization requirements) provisions and of the different degree of application of the same measures, on the agro-food export from developing countries.International Relations/Trade,
The NAFTA Agreement and Market Integration Among Canada, US and Mexico: The Role of Non-Tariff Measures
The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of non-tariff measures (NTM) on NAFTA agro-food trade comparing the measures implemented at the borders of participating countries, Canada, United States and Mexico, and evaluating the impact of those NTM still implemented within the NAFTA area on agro-food market integration by estimating different gravity models for the agro-food industry as a whole and for particularly relevant product categories. The overall results from the gravity model offer a measure of the impact of the different types of technical provisions and of the different degree of application of the same measure, on the agro-food trade in the NAFTA area. The picture emerging from the estimates is quite complex: overall, a net trade creation effect seems to prevail, even though the results cannot be unambigously generalized, because they are conditional to product groups and country-specific measures.International Relations/Trade,
Concurrent enhancement of percolation and synchronization in adaptive networks
Co-evolutionary adaptive mechanisms are not only ubiquitous in nature, but
also beneficial for the functioning of a variety of systems. We here consider
an adaptive network of oscillators with a stochastic, fitness-based, rule of
connectivity, and show that it self-organizes from fragmented and incoherent
states to connected and synchronized ones. The synchronization and percolation
are associated to abrupt transitions, and they are concurrently (and
significantly) enhanced as compared to the non-adaptive case. Finally we
provide evidence that only partial adaptation is sufficient to determine these
enhancements. Our study, therefore, indicates that inclusion of simple adaptive
mechanisms can efficiently describe some emergent features of networked
systems' collective behaviors, and suggests also self-organized ways to control
synchronization and percolation in natural and social systems.Comment: Published in Scientific Report
Consumer's Attitude Towards Labeled and Unlabeled GM Food Products in Italy
Based on survey data collected on a sample of 500 Italian consumers, this paper evaluates the consumer's attitude towards foods obtained from the application of biotechnologies and foods labeled as "GM free". Results from the application of probit models shows that the probability to purchase GM products is lower for individuals more adverse to risk, older, with higher education and less confident in institutional guarantees. Willingness to Pay for GM free products is positively related to information, risk aversion, age, trust in institutional environment, negatively to the degree of agreement with the application of biotechnologies.Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,
GROWING HIERARCHICAL SCALE-FREE NETWORKS BY MEANS OF NONHIERARCHICAL PROCESSES
We introduce a fully nonhierarchical network growing mechanism, that furthermore does not impose explicit preferential attachment rules. The growing procedure produces a graph featuring power-law degree and clustering distributions, and manifesting slightly disassortative degree-degree correlations. The rigorous rate equations for the evolution of the degree distribution and for the conditional degree-degree probability are derived
- âŠ