Glacial geomorphology of the Brabazon & Butler Downs, Rangitata Valley, South Island, New Zealand

<p>The inland valleys of New Zealand’s South Island were heavily glaciated during the last glacial cycle. Subsequent fluvial incision has eroded out glacial deposits from the valleys in many locations, making it difficult to reconstruct glacial dynamics and chronology. The Brabazon and Butler Downs lie in a fault-controlled intra-montaine basin that has been largely protected from fluvial erosion and the area contains extensive evidence for multiple glacial margins. This paper presents a detailed glacial geomorphology map of the Brabazon and Butler Downs at a scale of 1:20,000. Glacial landforms have been mapped and subdivided into three main zones: an upper zone distinguished by a flight of kame terraces, a middle zone containing kettles and meltwater channels, and a lower zone of lateral moraines. The new map provides insight into former glacial environments in the region and provides a related framework for future paleoclimate reconstructions.</p

Frequencies of ESAT-6 specific T cells.

<p>Frequencies of single cytokine producing T cells and multifunctional T cells of 60 patients with pulmonary TB (light grey), 27 extrapulmonary TB (dark grey) and 91 with non-tuberculous diseases (white) after overnight stimulation with ESAT-6 are depicted. Boxes and whiskers are shown; the black line marks the median. Differences between patient groups are marked with a bar. A significantly increased frequency of CD4⁺ T cells expressing IFN-γ (0; 0–0; 0–0.07 vs. 0; 0–0.02; 0–0.3 or 0; 0–0.03; 0–0.3 [median; 25%–75% percentile; min–max], respectively. p = 0.034) and a decreased frequency of CD4⁺ T cells expressing IL-2 (0; 0–0.02; 0–0.26 vs. 0; 0–0.01; 0–0.06 [median; 25%–75% percentile; min–max]. p = 0.037) were found in patients with pulmonary TB when compared to diseases other then TB. CD8⁺ T cells expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α⁺ (0; 0–0.02; 0–0.16 vs. 0.02 ; 0–0.05; 0–0.23 [median; 25%–75% percentile; min–max]. p = 0.041) were different when pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB were compared. An independent-samples t-test was used to test for significance.</p

Frequencies of PPD specific T cells.

<p>Frequencies of single cytokine producing T cells and multifunctional T cells of 60 patients with pulmonary TB (light grey), 27 extrapulmonary TB (dark grey) and 91 with non-tuberculous diseases (white) after overnight stimulation with PPD are depicted. Boxes and whiskers are shown; the black line marks the median. CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺IL-10⁺ T cells (0.01 ; 0.02–0.33; 0–0.16 vs. 0; 0–0.01; 0–0.08 [median; 25%–75% percentile; min–max]. p = 0.007) were significantly different when extrapulmonary TB was compared to other diseases then TB. Comparing pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, PPD specific CD8⁺ T cells expressing IL-2 (0.14 ; 0.09–0.365; 0–4.61 vs. 0.13; 0.06–0.33; 0–2.93 [median; 25%–75% percentile; min–max]. p = 0.011) were significantly different. Differences between patient groups are marked with a bar. An independent-samples t-test was used to test for significance.</p

Cytokine ratios pulmonary TB/extrapulmonary TB.

<p>Cytokine ratios pulmonary TB/extrapulmonary TB.</p

Cytokine ratios pulmonary TB/non-tuberculous diseases.

<p>Cytokine ratios pulmonary TB/non-tuberculous diseases.</p

Representative dot plots.

<p>Representative two-parameter dot plots of a patient with extrapulmonary TB (urogenital TB) indicating the frequency of PPD and ESAT-6-specific CD4⁺ T cells expressing IFN-γ and/or IL-2, respectively. PBMC were incubated with medium alone (control), PPD and ESAT-6, respectively.</p

Cytokine ratios extrapulmonary TB/non-tuberculous diseases.

<p>Cytokine ratios extrapulmonary TB/non-tuberculous diseases.</p

Cytokine ratios.

<p>Significant differences between different cytokine ratios are depicted, detected with a one way between-groups analysis of variance using the tukey test for post hoc analysis. Data from 60 patients with pulmonary TB (light grey), 27 extrapulmonary TB (dark grey) and 91 with non-tuberculous diseases (white) are depicted. Boxes and whiskers are displayed, the black line marks the median. Percentile ranges are additionally shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035290#pone-0035290-t003" target="_blank">Tables 3</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035290#pone-0035290-t004" target="_blank">4</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0035290#pone-0035290-t005" target="_blank">5</a>. (A) shows statistically significant differences between non-tuberculous diseases and pulmonary TB: PPD induced IFN-γ/IL-2 (p<0.001), ESAT-6 induced TNF-α/IFN-γ (p = 0.048), TNF-α/IL-2 (p = 0.03), IFN-γ/IL-2 (p = 0.005), all CD4⁺ T cell derived. (B) shows statistically significant differences between non-tuberculous diseases and extrapulmonary TB: PPD induced TNF-α/IL-2 (p<0.001), IFN-γ/IL-2 (p = 0.001), ESAT-6 induced TNF-α/IFN-γ (p = 0.026), TNF-α/IL-2 (p = 0.008), IFN-γ/IL-2 (p<0.001), CD4⁺ T cell derived. (C) shows statistically significant differences between pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB: PPD induced TNF-α/IL-2 (p = 0.001), CD4⁺ T cell derived.</p

Within subject variability of repeated tTI measurements.

<p>Shown are median (range) coefficients of variation (CV) of repeated tTI measurements for corresponding VT levels at different PEEP levels Pre- and Post-lavage for n = 5 animals. Repeated measurements are taken at different time points during variation at one PEEP level.</p

Bland-Altman Plot for comparison between VT_calc and VT_PNT during pre-lavage measurements.

<p>Shown are Line of Identity (grey line), Bias (blue line), and 95%-Limits of Agreement (dashed line). Calibration was performed at each PEEP level in all animals. Data points indicate the means of measurements in individual piglets at different PEEP levels.</p