Feedback related negativity.

<p>Grand average waveforms of feedback-related visual evoked potentials for the maximum loss (red), maximum gain (black), minimum loss (green) and minimum gain (blue) condition showing the FRN effect with larger FRN amplitudes in response to loss feedback compared to gain feedback (onset of feedback stimuli at 0 ms). The scalp topography (derived from the peak amplitude of the difference waveform of maximum loss and maximum gain condition observed 270 ms after presentation of the feedback stimulus) shows a frontocentral maximum over Fz.</p

Characteristics of the participant group.

<p>Characteristics of the participant group.</p

Paradigm.

<p>Schematic diagram showing the design of a trial of the gambling task used in this study.</p

Mean values of electrophysiological measures per condition and ANOVA results.

<p>Amplitudes are reported in µV; latencies are reported in milliseconds. n.s.  =  not significant.</p

Time frequency analysis.

<p>The comparison (difference) of the results of the time-frequency analysis of maximum loss and maximum gain conditions revealed theta, alpha and low-beta activity to be more pronounced in the maximum loss condition and delta and high-beta activity to be more pronounced in the maximum gain condition (onset of feedback stimuli at 0 ms). For all frequencies, we found frontocentral maxima of differences between conditions. The scalp topographies are derived from the peak amplitudes of the difference waveforms (maximum loss minus maximum gain condition) of the extracted frequency-specific wavelet layers (latencies: delta 150 ms; theta 340 ms; alpha 550 ms; low-beta 630 ms; high-beta 360 ms). The dotted lines indicate the frequencies of interest (from the bottom up: delta, theta, alpha, low-beta and high-beta).</p